Pattern recognition monitoring of PEM fuel cell

• US 5,945,229 A
• Filed: 02/28/1997
• Issued: 08/31/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 02/28/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: GM Global Technology Operations LLC (General Motors Company)
• Original Assignee: General Motors Corporation (Motors Liquidation Co. GUC Trust)
• Inventors: Meltser, Mark Alexander
• Primary Examiner(s): Nuzzolillo, Maria
• Assistant Examiner(s): Crepeau, Jonathan
• Application Number:
  US08/807,559
• Time in Patent Office: 914 Days
• Field of Search: 429/13, 429/23, 429/22, 429/12, 429/17
• US Class Current: 429/431
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/00 Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere measuring superconductive properties G01R33/1238; testing or measuring semiconductors or solid state devices during manufacture H01L22/00; testing line transmission systems H04B3/46
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2300/0082 Organic polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04089 of gaseous reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04447 of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04552 of the individual fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04582 of the individual fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04671 of the individual fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04679 of fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

The CO-concentration in the H₂ feed stream to a PEM fuel cell stack is monitored by measuring current and voltage behavior patterns from an auxiliary cell attached to the end of the stack. The auxiliary cell is connected to the same oxygen and hydrogen feed manifolds that supply the stack, and discharges through a constant load. Pattern recognition software compares the current and voltage patterns from the auxiliary cell to current and voltage signature determined from a reference cell similar to the auxiliary cell and operated under controlled conditions over a wide range of CO-concentrations in the H₂ fuel stream.

Claims

1. In a fuel cell system comprising (a) a stack of PEM H₂ --O₂ fuel cells each comprising a proton exchange membrane having an anode and a cathode affixed to opposing first and second surfaces thereof, a first flow channel adjacent said anode for flowing hydrogen into contact with said anode, and a second flow channel adjacent said cathode for flowing an oxygen-bearing gas into contact with said cathode, said stack having a first end cell at one end of said stack, a second end cell at the opposite end of said stack, and a plurality of additional cells intermediate said end cells, (b) an oxygen-feed manifold supplying oxygen to said cells, (c) a hydrogen-feed manifold supplying hydrogen to said cells, and (d) an external electrical device having a variable electrical load connected to said end cells for receiving electrical current from said stack for operating said device, the improvement comprising:

(i) an auxiliary PEM H₂ --O₂ fuel cell having third and fourth flow channels respectively receiving hydrogen from said hydrogen-feed manifold and oxygen from said oxygen-feed manifold under the same temperature, pressure, CO-concentration, and humidity conditions as the cells of said stack, said auxiliary cell comprising a pair of terminals for withdrawing electrical current from said auxiliary cell;

(ii) a constant electrical load connected to said terminals;

(iii) a voltage sensing device for sensing voltage fluctuations across said constant load over a time interval and outputting a voltage signal having a behavior pattern indicative of said voltage fluctuations;

(iv) a current sensing device for sensing current fluctuations through said constant load over a time interval and outputting a current signal having a behavior pattern indicative of said current fluctuations; and

(v) a monitor receiving said voltage and current signals, comparing the behavior patterns of such signals to reference voltage and current signatures indicative of the operating condition of the auxiliary cell, and automatically initiating corrective action to protect said stack when at least one of said behavior patterns indicates a condition that is detrimental to the stack.

6. A fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the surface areas of the anode and cathode in each of the fuel cells in said stack are greater than the surface areas of the anode and cathode of the auxiliary cell, and the anode and cathode of said auxiliary cell have catalyst loadings which are less than the catalyst loadings of the anodes and cathodes of the fuel cells in said stack.

7. A fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the anodes and cathodes for the cells in said stack each includes a first and second catalyst respectively, and the anode and cathode of said auxiliary cell each includes a third and fourth catalyst respectively, said third and fourth catalysts being compositionally different than said first and second catalysts.

2. In a fuel cell system comprising (a) a stack of PEM H₂ --O₂ fuel cells each comprising a proton exchange membrane having an anode and a cathode affixed to opposing first and second surfaces thereof, a first flow channel adjacent said anode for flowing hydrogen into contact with said anode, and a second flow channel adjacent said cathode for flowing an oxygen-bearing gas into contact with said cathode, said stack having a first end cell at one end of said stack, a second end cell at the opposite end of said stack, and a plurality of additional cells intermediate said end cells, (b) an oxygen-feed manifold supplying oxygen to said cells, (c) a hydrogen-feed manifold supplying hydrogen to said cells, and (d) an external electrical device having a variable electrical load connected to said end cells for receiving electrical current from said stack for operating said device, the improvement comprising:

(i) an auxiliary PEM H₂ --O₂ fuel cell having an anode and cathode affixed to opposite sides of a proton exchange membrane and confronting third and fourth flow channels respectively receiving hydrogen from said hydrogen-feed manifold and oxygen from said oxygen-feed manifold under the same temperature, pressure, CO-concentration, and humidity conditions as the cells of said stack, said auxiliary cell having had its electrical performance under varying operating conditions correlated to the physical condition of said stack and comprising a pair of terminals for withdrawing electrical current from said auxiliary cell;

(ii) a constant electrical load connected to said terminals;

(iii) a voltage sensing device for sensing voltage fluctuations across said constant load over a time interval and outputting a voltage signal having a behavior pattern indicative of said voltage fluctuations;

(iv) a current sensing device for sensing current fluctuations through said constant load over a time interval and outputting a current signal having a behavior pattern indicative of said current fluctuations;

(v) a data processing device for sampling said signals and converting them to a digital data stream representing said behavior patterns;

(vi) a memory device for storing reference values representing voltage and current signatures which are characteristically produced from an auxiliary cell discharging through said constant electrical load and known to have a particular physical condition, said signatures having been derived empirically from a reference cell similar to said auxiliary cell which has been discharged through a constant load having the same value as said constant load and operated under a variety of cell operating conditions; and

(vii) a data processing device (a) receiving said digital data stream, (b) comparing said voltage and current behavior patterns to said signatures to identify at least one of said signatures that is substantially similar to the behavior pattern being compared and (c) automatically initiating corrective action to protect said stack if said one of said behavior patterns portends future damage to said stack.

3. A fuel cell system according to claim 2 wherein said auxiliary fuel cell abuts one of said end cells.

4. A fuel cell system according to claim 3 wherein one of said third and fourth flow channels of said auxiliary cell is separated from one of said first and second flow channels of one of said end cells by a partition.

5. A fuel cell system according to claim 4 wherein said partition comprises an electrically conductive bipolar plate.

8. A method for monitoring the performance of a stack of H₂ --O₂ PEM fuel cells and initiating corrective action when operating conditions indicate the need for said action, said stack having an oxygen-feed manifold and a hydrogen-feed manifold supplying oxygen and hydrogen respectively to said cells, said manifolds being coupled to an auxiliary H₂ --O₂ PEM fuel cell so as to supply said auxiliary fuel cell with oxygen and hydrogen at the same temperature, pressure, CO-concentration, and humidity as said oxygen and hydrogen are supplied to said fuel cells in said stack, comprising the steps of:

(i) discharging said auxiliary fuel cell through a constant electrical load;

(ii) sensing voltage fluctuations across said constant load over a time interval during said discharge, and generating a voltage signal having a voltage behavior pattern indicative of said voltage fluctuations;

(iii) sensing current fluctuations through said load over a time interval during said discharge, and generating a current signal having a current behavior pattern indicative of said current fluctuations;

(iv) converting said signals to a digital data stream;

(v) from a reference fuel cell similar to said auxiliary fuel cell and discharging through a test load having the same resistance as said constant electrical load, determining a plurality of reference voltage and current signatures which are correlated to specific known operating conditions of the reference fuel cell;

(vi) storing said reference voltage and current signatures in readable memory;

(vii) comparing the voltage behavior patterns from said auxiliary fuel cell to the voltage signatures of said reference fuel cell to identify at least one of said voltage signatures that is substantially similar to the voltage behavior pattern being compared;

(viii) comparing the current behavior patterns from said auxiliary fuel cell to the current signatures of the reference fuel cell to identify at least one of said current signatures that is substantially similar to the current behavior pattern being compared; and

(ix) automatically initiating corrective action to protect said stack if a said behavior pattern is substantially similar to a said signature that is indicative of an operating condition that is detrimental to the stack.

9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the fuel cell stack operating condition being monitored is CO poisoning of the anode.