Electric double layer capacitor

• US 5,953,204 A
• Filed: 12/18/1995
• Issued: 09/14/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 12/27/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Asahi Glass Company, Limited (AGC, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Asahi Glass Company, Limited (AGC, Inc.)
• Inventors: Morimoto, Takeshi, Suhara, Manabu, Ikeda, Katsuji, Hiratsuka, Kazuya
• Primary Examiner(s): Picard, Leo P.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Vu, Phuong T.
• Application Number:
  US08/574,314
• Time in Patent Office: 1,366 Days
• Field of Search: 361/502, 361/503, 361/504, 361/505, 361/517, 361/519, 361/535, 361/537, 361/522-527, 361/301.1, 361/303, 361/305, 361/311, 361/327, 29/25.01, 29/25.03, 29/25.41, 29/25.42
• US Class Current: 361/502
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/06 with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/22 Electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/24 characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/34 characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/38 Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/50 specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/60 characterised by the solvent
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/62 characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/66 Current collectors
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/70 characterised by their structure
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/74 Terminals, e.g. extensions of current collectors
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/82 Fixing or assembling a capacitive element in a housing, e.g. mounting electrodes, current collectors or terminals in containers or encapsulations
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/00 Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/13 Energy storage using capacitors

Abstract

An electric double layer capacitor is provided that includes a positive electrode having a currect collector combined with a polarizable electrode material composed mainly of activated carbon, a negative electrode having a current collector of porous metal incapable of forming an alloy with lithium, combined with a carbonaceous material having lithium ions occluded by a chemical method or an electrochemical method to a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing a lithium ions, and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt. The negative electrode is supported on a current collector of porous metal having a thickness of 0.1 to 1 mm and a porosity of 5 to 80%.

Claims

1. An electric double layer capacitor comprising a positive electrode having a current collector combined with a polarizable electrode material composed mainly of activated carbon, a negative electrode having a current collector of porous metal incapable of forming an alloy with lithium, combined with a carbonaceous material having lithium ions occluded by a chemical method or an electrochemical method to a carbon material occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, wherein the negative electrode is prepared by having a mixture of a binder and a carbon material occluding and releasing lithium ions, supported on a current collector of porous metal having a porosity of more than 80%, followed by compressing the negative electrode to bring the thickness to a level of from 0.1 to 1 mm and the porosity to a level of from 5 to 80%.

2. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the current collector for the negative electrode is porous nickel having a porosity of from 90 to 99%, wherein the average number of pores traversed by a linear line of a length of 1 cm drawn on the cross section of the current collector is at least 5.

3. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the carbon material occluding and releasing lithium ions is a graphite material, a carbon material for high capacity or a carbon material which is easily graphitizable obtained by heat treatment of coal coke, petroleum coke or pitch coke, a baked product of a furfuryl alcohol resin, a baked product of a novolak resin or a baked product of a phenol resin.

4. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the lattice spacing d₀₀₂ of the face as measured by the X-ray diffraction of the carbon material occluding and releasing lithium ions is from 0.365 to 0.390 nm.

5. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the current collector for the positive electrode is made of a porous metal.

6. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 5, wherein the positive electrode is the one prepared by having a polarizable electrode material comprising activated carbon having a specific surface area of from 1000 to 3000 m² /g, electroconductive carbon black and a binder, supported on a current collector of porous metal having a porosity of more than 80%, followed by compressing to bring the thickness to a level of from 0.2 to 2.0 mm and the porosity to a level of from 10 to 80%.

7. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 5, wherein the current collector for the positive electrode is made of porous aluminum or porous nickel having a porosity of from 80 to 99%, wherein the average number of pores traversed by a linear line of a length of 1 cm drawn on the cross section of the porous metal is at least 5.

8. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is at least one member selected from the group consisting of LiClO₄, LiBF₄, LiN(CF₃ SO₂)₂ and LiPF₆.

9. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte is at least one member selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethylcarbonate, dimethoxyethane, butylenecarbonate, dimethylcarbonate, sulfolane and ethyl methyl carbonate.

10. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte are accommodated in a coin-shaped container of metal comprising a casing and a cover, wherein the positive electrode is disposed on one side of the casing and the cover which are made of a stainless steel sheet and a laminated sheet of aluminum and stainless steel, and the negative electrode is disposed on the other of and the cover or the casing which are made of a stainless steel sheet, a nickel sheet, a copper sheet or a laminated sheet of at least two members selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, nickel and copper.

11. The electric double layer capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of bv/3.6 d is within a range of from 0.05 to 0.90, where b is the single electrode capacity (unit:

F) of the polarizable positive electrode, d is the lithium ion releasing capacity (unit;

mAh) of the negative electrode, and v is the potential difference (unit;

V) in the working voltage range.

12. An electric double layer capacitor comprising:

a positive electrode having a current collector combined with a polarizable electrode material composed mainly of activated carbon,

a negative electrode having a current collector of a porous metal having a porosity prior to compression of 80-99.5% and a porosity after compression of from 5 to 80% and a thickness after compression of from 0.1 to 1 mm, an average pore number of at least 5 and incapable of forming an alloy with lithium, combined with a carbonaceous material having lithium ions occluded, wherein said carbonaceous material having lithium ions occluded is obtained by a chemical method or an electrochemical method by occluding lithium ions to a carbon material selected from the group consisting of natural graphite;

artificial graphite;

graphitized meso-carbon microbeads;

graphite whiskers;

graphitized carbon fibers;

gas phase grown carbon fibers;

graphitizable materials obtained by heat treatment of a coke selected from the group consisting of coal coke, petroleum coke and pitch coke;

a baked product of a furfuryl alcohol resin;

a baked product of a phenol resin and a baked product of a novolak resin, wherein the carbon material occludes and releases lithium ions; and

a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt.

13. The electric double layer capacitor as claimed in claim 12, wherein the porous metal is a member selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper and alloys thereof.