Circuit and method for controlling a synchronous rectifier converter

• US 5,956,245 A
• Filed: 07/02/1997
• Issued: 09/21/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 05/04/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: General Electric Company
• Original Assignee: Lucent Technologies, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Inventors: Rozman, Allen Frank
• Primary Examiner(s): Wong, Peter S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Vu, Bao Q.
• Application Number:
  US08/887,502
• Time in Patent Office: 811 Days
• Field of Search: 363/127, 363/89, 363/20, 363/21, 363/53, 363/71, 363/65, 363/97, 363/81, 363/84, 323/239
• US Class Current: 363/89
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 1/001 Hot plugging or unplugging of load or power modules to or from power distribution networks
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 1/102 being switching converters H02J1/108, H02J1/12 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1563 without using an external clock H02M3/158 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/33584 Bidirectional converters
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/33592 having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

A rectifier having an input and an output and a method of controlling the rectifier. The rectifier comprises: (1) switching circuitry coupled between the input and the output, the switching circuitry adapted to operate in selected one of (a) an active bidirectional mode of operation and (b) an inactive unidirectional mode of operation to rectify substantially alternating current at the input to produce substantially direct current at the output and (2) control circuitry coupled between the rectifier output and a control input of the switching circuitry, the control circuitry capable of sensing an output current level of the rectifier and transitioning the switching circuitry between the active bidirectional mode and the inactive unidirectional mode as a function of the output current level thereby to prevent substantial reverse power flow through the rectifier. The rectifier is particularly useful in power systems having a plurality of rectifiers operating in parallel to prevent one rectifier from driving the other.

Claims

1. A power supply, comprising:

control driven switching circuitry including at least one synchronous rectifier device and adapted to operate in a selected one of (a) an active bi-directional mode of operation when enabled and (b) an inactive unidirectional mode of operation when disabled, said control driven switching circuitry thereby rectifying substantially alternating current to produce substantially direct current;

a sensor capable of sensing an output level of said power supply;

a level detector capable of comparing said output level with a threshold level and developing a control signal in accordance therewith; and

synchronous rectifier control circuitry, coupled to said level detector, adapted to energize said control driven switching circuitry and employ said control signal to disable said control driven switching circuitry as a function of said output level to thereby prevent substantial reverse power flow through said power supply.

2. The power supply as recited in claim 1, further comprising:

a power transformer having primary and secondary windings, said secondary winding being coupled said control driven switching circuitry; and

at least one power switch occasionally coupling said primary winding to a source of electrical power.

3. The power supply as recited in claim 2 further comprising a clamping circuit, coupled to said power transformer, adapted to limit a voltage across said power transformer during at least a portion of a non-conduction interval of said at least one power switch.

4. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said control driven switching circuitry comprises metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switches.

5. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said power supply is parallel-coupled to a second power supply, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable said control driven switching circuitry thereby preventing said second power supply from causing said substantial reverse power flow.

6. The power supply as recited in claim 5 further comprising an active load-sharing circuit that effects load sharing between said power supply and said second power supply.

7. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said control driven switching circuitry comprises discrete diodes to allow said control driven switching circuitry to operate in said inactive unidirectional mode of operation.

8. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said sensor is selected from the group consisting of:

a current transformer in electrical communication with an output of said power supply;

a resistor in electrical communication with said output; and

a Hall effect current sense device coupled in series with said output.

9. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said control driven switching circuitry comprises a plurality of synchronous rectifier devices, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable all of said plurality of synchronous rectifier devices.

10. The power supply as recited in claim 1 further comprising detection circuitry capable of detecting parallel operation between said power supply and a second power supply, said detection circuitry allowing said synchronous rectifier control circuitry to disable said control driven switching circuitry only when said power supply is parallel-coupled to said second power supply.

11. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said control driven switching circuitry when said output level drops below said threshold level.

12. The power supply as recited in claim 1 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said control driven switching circuitry when said output level is between about 5% and 10% of a full rated output level.

13. A method for controlling a synchronousrectifiercircuit in a power supply, comprising:

providing control driven switching circuitry including at least one synchronous rectifier device and adapted to operate in a selected one of (a) an active bi-directional mode of operation when enabled and (b) an inactive unidirectional mode of operation when disabled, said control driven switching circuitry thereby rectifying substantially alternating current to produce substantially direct current;

sensing an output level of said power supply;

comparing said output level with a threshold level and developing a control signal in accordance therewith; and

coupling synchronous rectifier control circuitry to said level detector, said control circuit being adapted to energize said control driven switching circuitry and employ said control signal to disable said control driven switching circuitry as a function of said output level to thereby prevent substantial reverse power flow through said power supply.

14. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:

providing a power transformer having primary and secondary windings;

occasionally coupling said primary winding to a source of electrical power with at least one power switch;

coupling said control driven switching circuitry to said secondary winding; and

limiting a voltage across said power transformer during at least a portion of a non-conduction interval of said at least one power switch.

15. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising:

parallel-coupling said power supply to a second power supply;

allowing said synchronous rectifier control circuitry to disable said control driven switching circuitry thereby preventing said second power supply from causing said substantial reverse power flow; and

effecting load sharing between said power supply and said second power supply.

16. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein said control driven switching circuitry comprises discrete diodes to allow said control driven switching circuitry to operate in said inactive unidirectional mode of operation.

17. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein said control driven switching circuitry comprises a plurality of synchronous rectifier devices, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable all of said plurality of synchronous rectifier devices.

18. The method as recited in claim 13 further comprising detecting parallel operation between said power supply and a second power supply, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable said control driven switching circuitry only when said power supply is parallel-coupled to said second power supply.

19. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said control driven switching circuitry when said output level drops below said threshold level.

20. A power supply, comprising:

a power transformer having primary and secondary windings;

at least one power switch occasionally coupling said primary winding to a source of electrical power;

self-synchronized switching circuitry including at least one synchronous rectifier device coupled to said secondary winding and adapted to operate in a selected one of (a) an active bidirectional mode of operation when enabled and (b) an inactive unidirectional mode of operation when disabled, said self-synchronized switching circuitry thereby rectifying substantially alternating current to produce substantially direct current;

a sensor capable of sensing an output level of said power supply;

a level detector capable of comparing said output level with a threshold level and developing a control signal in accordance therewith;

synchronous rectifier control circuitry coupled to said power transformer and adapted to energize said self-synchronized switching circuitry therefrom; and

an enabling voltage source adapted to energize said synchronous rectifier control circuitry, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry capable of employing said control signal to disable said self-synchronized switching circuitry as a function of said output level to thereby prevent substantial reverse power flow through said power supply.

21. The power supply as recited in claim 20 further comprising a clamping circuit, coupled to said power transformer, adapted to limit a voltage across said power transformer during at least a portion of a non-conduction interval of said at least one power switch.

22. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said self-synchronized switching circuitry comprises metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switches.

23. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said power supply is parallel-coupled to a second power supply, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable said self-synchronized switching circuitry thereby preventing said second power supply from causing said substantial reverse power flow.

24. The power supply as recited in claim 23 further comprising an active load-sharing circuit that effects load sharing between said power supply and said second power supply.

25. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said self-synchronized switching circuitry comprises discrete diodes to allow said self-synchronized switching circuitry to operate in said inactive unidirectional mode of operation.

26. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said sensor is selected from the group consisting of:

a current transformer in electrical communication with an output of said power supply;

a resistor in electrical communication with said output; and

a Hall effect current sense device coupled in series with said output.

27. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said self-synchronized switching circuitry comprises a plurality of synchronous rectifier devices, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable all of said plurality of synchronous rectifier devices.

28. The power supply as recited in claim 20 further comprising detection circuitry capable of detecting parallel operation between said power supply and a second power supply, said detection circuitry allowing said synchronous rectifier control circuitry to disable said self-synchronized switching circuitry only when said power supply is parallel-coupled to said second power supply.

29. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said self-synchronized switching circuitry when said output level drops below said threshold level.

30. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said self-synchronized switching circuitry when said output level is between about 5% and 10% of a full rated output level.

31. The power supply as recited in claim 20 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry comprises at least one gate voltage clamping device.

32. A method for controlling a synchronous rectifier circuit in a power supply, comprising:

providing a power transformer having primary and secondary windings;

occasionally coupling said primary winding to a source of electrical power with at least one power switch;

coupling self-synchronized switching circuitry including at least one synchronous rectifier device to said secondary winding, said self-synchronized switching circuitry adapted to operate in a selected one of (a) an active bi-directional mode of operation when enabled and (b) an inactive unidirectional mode of operation when disabled, said self-synchronized switching circuitry thereby rectifying substantially alternating current to produce substantially direct current;

sensing an output level of said power supply;

comparing said output level with a threshold level and developing a control signal in accordance therewith;

coupling synchronous rectifier control circuitry to said power transformer and energizing said self-synchronized switching circuitry therefrom; and

energizing said synchronous rectifier control circuitry with an enabling voltage source, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry capable of employing said control signal to disable said self-synchronized switching circuitry as a function of said output level to thereby prevent substantial reverse power flow through said power supply.

33. The method as recited in claim 32 further comprising limiting a voltage across said power transformer during at least a portion of a non-conduction interval of said at least one power switch.

34. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising:

parallel-coupling said power supply to a second power supply;

allowing said synchronous rectifier control circuitry to disable said self-synchronized switching circuitry thereby preventing said second power supply from causing said substantial reverse power flow; and

effecting load sharing between said power supply and said second power supply.

35. The method as recited in claim 32 wherein said self-synchronized switching circuitry comprises discrete diodes to allow said self-synchronized switching circuitry to operate in said inactive unidirectional mode of operation.

36. The method as recited in claim 32 wherein said self-synchronized switching circuitry comprises a plurality of synchronous rectifier devices, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable all of said plurality of synchronous rectifier devices.

37. The method as recited in claim 32 further comprising detecting parallel operation between said power supply and a second power supply, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable said self-synchronized switching circuitry only when said power supply is parallel-coupled to said second power supply.

38. The method as recited in claim 32 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said self-synchronized switching circuitry when said output level drops below said threshold level.

39. The method as recited in claim 32 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry comprises at least one gate voltage clamping device.

40. A power system having first and second power supplies, each of said first and second power supplies, comprising;

switching circuitry including at least one synchronous rectifier device and adapted to operate in a selected one of (a) an active bi-directional mode of operation when enabled and (b) an inactive unidirectional mode of operation when disabled, said switching circuitry thereby rectifying substantially alternating current to produce substantially direct current in a normal periodic mode of operation;

synchronous rectifier control circuitry coupled to said switching and adapted to energize and de-energize said switching circuitry;

a sensor capable of sensing an output level thereof;

a level detector capable of comparing said output level with a threshold level and developing a control signal in accordance therewith;

an active load sharing circuit capable of effecting load sharing between said first and second power supplies within a specified operating range, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to employ said control signal to disable said switching circuitry as a function of said output level to thereby prevent substantial reverse power flow through one of said first and second power supplies when said active load sharing circuit is operating outside of said specified operating range.

41. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said active load sharing circuit operates outside of said specified operating range during start-up of said first or second power supplies.

42. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said active load sharing circuit operates outside of said specified operating range during hot plug-in of said first or second power supplies.

43. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said active load sharing circuit operates outside of said specified operating range during shut-down of said first or second power supplies.

44. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein each of said first and second power supplies, further comprise:

a power transformer having primary and secondary windings, said secondary winding being coupled said switching circuitry;

at least one power switch occasionally coupling said primary winding to a source of electrical power; and

a clamping circuit, coupled to said power transformer, adapted to limit a voltage across said power transformer during at least a portion of a non-conduction interval of said at least one power switch.

45. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein each of said first and second power supplies comprise discrete diodes to allow said switching circuitry to operate in said inactive unidirectional mode of operation.

46. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said sensor is selected from the group consisting of:

a current transformer in electrical communication with an output of said power supply;

a resistor in electrical communication with said output; and

a Hall effect current sense device coupled in series with said output.

47. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said switching circuitry comprises a plurality of synchronous rectifier devices, said synchronous rectifier control circuitry adapted to disable all of said plurality of synchronous rectifier devices.

48. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry disables said switching circuitry when said output level drops below said threshold level.

49. The power system as recited in claim 40 wherein said synchronous rectifier control circuitry comprises at least one gate voltage clamping device.