Variable suppression of multipath signal effects

• US 5,963,601 A
• Filed: 05/20/1996
• Issued: 10/05/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 05/20/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Trimble Navigation Limited (Trimble Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Trimble Navigation Limited (Trimble Inc.)
• Inventors: Martin, Kreg, Farmer, Dominic, Pon, Rayman
• Primary Examiner(s): Bocure, Tesfaldet
• Application Number:
  US08/650,338
• Time in Patent Office: 1,233 Days
• Field of Search: 375/200, 375/346, 375/285, 375/340, 375/316
• US Class Current: 375/346
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/22 Multipath-related issues
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/30 code related G01S19/246 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/37 Hardware or software details of the signal processing chain
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 25/03006 Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference

Abstract

Method and apparatus for formation of an autocorrelation difference function of an incoming digital signal that reduces the effects of presence of a multipath signal or of noise in an incoming digital composite signal. An incoming digital composite signal, including direct and multipath signals, is received that has a bit value transition interval of length Δτ_chip. Two or three consecutive bit values b_n-2, b_n-1 and b_n of the direct (ideal) signal are examined. If a test condition for these bit values is satisfied, a first non-uniform weighting function w1(t) is used to compute the contribution of a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ<t'"'"'≦t_n +Δ}, where Δ is a selected time value satisfying 0≦Δ<Δτ_chip, to first and second autocorrelation functions AC#(τ;E) and AC#(τ;L) with respective selected first and second time shifts τ=t_E and τ=t_L (>t_E). If the test condition is not satisfied, a second weighting function w1 (t) is used to compute the contribution of the time interval I_n to AC#(τ;E) and AC#(τ;L). An autocorrelation difference function ΔAC#(τ)=AC#(τ;E)-AC#(τ;L) is formed in which the effects of noise or of multipath signals is suppressed, relative these effects in a conventionally computed autocorrelation difference function ΔAC(τ)=AC(τ;E)-AC(τ;L).

Claims

1. A method for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a digital composite signal that can vary with time t and that has a digital signal bit period with a selected length Δ

τ

_chip ;

generating a selected digital reference signal;

generating a first weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generating a second weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

examining a bit value b_n of the incoming signal for a time interval defined by nΔ

τ

_chip ≦

t<

(n+1)Δ

τ

_chip, and the immediately preceding digital bit value b_n-1 of the reference signal;

when b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mixing the first weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when b_n-1 =b_n, mixing the second weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting at least one of said first and second weighting functions to be a notch function.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting at least one of said first and second weighting functions to be an anti-notch function.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting said second weighting function to be substantially zero everywhere.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting at least one of said digital composite signal and said digital reference signal to be a digital spread spectrum signal.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting said digital composite signal to be a digitized version of a signal received from a transmitter drawn from a class of satellite-based transmitters consisting of a GPS transmitter and/or a GLONASS transmitter.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

generating a third weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generating a fourth weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

when said bit values b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relation b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mixing the third weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when said bit values b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relation b_n-1 =b_n, mixing the fourth weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of forming a correlation difference function Δ

AC(τ

) that is the difference between said first correlation function and said second correlation function, where τ

is a time shift variable that allows variation of at least one of said first timing relationship and said second timing relationship.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of forming said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said first correlation function attains a maximum amplitude at a first value t_E of said time shift variable τ

that is different from a value t_L of said time shift variable τ

at which said second correlation function reaches a maximum amplitude.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of forming said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E ≦

0.3 Δ

τ

_chip.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of forming said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E <

2 Δ

τ

_chip.

12. A method for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a digital composite signal that can vary with time t and that has a digital signal bit period with a selected length Δ

τ

_chip ;

generating a selected digital reference signal;

generating a first weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generating a second weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

examining a bit value b_n of the incoming signal for a time interval defined by nΔ

τ

_chip ≦

t<

(n+1)Δ

τ

_chip, and the two immediately preceding digital bit values b_n-1 and b_n-2 of the reference signal;

when b_n-2 =b_n- 1 and b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mixing the first weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when b_n-2 ≠

b_n-1, or b_n-1 =b_n, or both, of these conditions are satisfied, mixing the second weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of selecting at least one of said first and second weighting functions to be a notch function.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of selecting at least one of said first and second weighting functions to be an anti-notch function.

15. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of selecting said second weighting function to be substantially zero everywhere.

16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of selecting at least one of said digital composite signal and said digital reference signal to be a digital spread spectrum signal.

17. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of selecting said digital composite signal to be a digitized version of a signal received from a transmitter drawn from a class of satellite-based transmitters consisting of a GPS transmitter and/or a GLONASS transmitter.

18. The method of claim 12, further comprising the steps of:

generating a third weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generating a fourth weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

when said bit values b_n-2, b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relations b_n-2 =b_n-1 and b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mixing the third weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when said bit values b_n-2, b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relation b_n-2 ≠

b_n-1, or b_n-1 =b_n, or both, mixing the fourth weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of forming a correlation difference function Δ

AC(τ

) that is the difference between said first correlation function and said second correlation function, where τ

is a time shift variable that allows variation of at least one of said first timing relationship and said second timing relationship.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of forming said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said first correlation function attains a maximum amplitude at a first value t_E of said time shift variable τ

that is different from a value t_L of said time shift variable τ

at which said second correlation function reaches a maximum amplitude.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of forming said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E ≦

0.3 Δ

τ

_chip.

22. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of forming said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E <

2 Δ

τ

_chip.

23. Apparatus for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the apparatus comprising:

a signal antenna that receives an incoming composite signal that can vary with time t;

a signal receiver/processor, including a computer, that receives the incoming signal from the signal antenna, that forms a digital composite signal, having a digital signal bit period with a selected length Δ

τ

_chip, from the incoming composite signal, where the computer is programmed to;

generate a selected digital reference signal;

generate a first weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generate a second weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

examine a bit value b_n of the incoming signal for a time interval defined by nΔ

τ

_chip ≦

t<

(n+1)Δ

τ

_chip, and the immediately preceding digital bit value b_n-1 of the reference signal;

when b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mix the first weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when b_n-1 =b_n, or both of these conditions are satisfied, mix the second weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said first weighting function is selected to be a notch function.

25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said first weighting function is selected to be an anti-notch function.

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said second weighting function is selected to be substantially zero everywhere.

27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein at least one of said digital composite signal and said digital reference signal is selected to be a digital spread spectrum signal.

28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said incoming composite signal is a signal received from a transmitter drawn from a class of satellite-based transmitters consisting of a GPS transmitter and/or a GLONASS transmitter.

29. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said computer is further programmed to:

generate a third weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generate a fourth weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

when said bit values b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relation b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mix the third weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when said bit values b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relation b_n-1 =b_n, mix the fourth weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein said computer is further programmed to form a correlation difference function Δ

AC(τ

) that is the difference between said first correlation function and said second correlation function, where τ

is a time shift variable that allows variation of at least one of said first timing relationship and said second timing relationship.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein said computer is further programmed to form said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said first correlation function attains a maximum amplitude at a first value t_E of said time shift variable τ

that is different from a value t_L of said time shift variable τ

at which said second correlation function reaches a maximum amplitude.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said computer is further programmed to form said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E ≦

0.3 Δ

τ

_chip.

33. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said computer is further programmed to form said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E <

2 Δ

τ

_chip.

34. Apparatus for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the apparatus comprising:

a signal antenna that receives an incoming composite signal that can vary with time t;

a signal receiver/processor, including a computer, that receives the incoming signal from the signal antenna, that forms a digital composite signal, having a digital signal bit period with a selected length Δ

τ

_chip, from the incoming composite signal, where the computer is programmed to;

generate a selected digital reference signal;

generate a first weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generate a second weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

examine a bit value b_n of the incoming signal for a time interval defined by nΔ

τ

_chip ≦

t<

(n+1)Δ

τ

_chip, and the two immediately preceding digital bit values b_n-1 and b_n-2 of the reference signal;

when b_n-2 =b_n- 1 and b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mix the first weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

<

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when b_n-2 ≠

b_n-1, or b_n-1 =b_n, or both of these conditions are satisfied, mix the second weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the first correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said first weighting function is selected to be a notch function.

36. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said first weighting function is selected to be an anti-notch function.

37. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said second weighting function is selected to be substantially zero everywhere.

38. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein at least one of said digital composite signal and said digital reference signal is selected to be a digital spread spectrum signal.

39. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said incoming composite signal is a signal received from a transmitter drawn from a class of satellite-based transmitters consisting of a GPS transmitter and/or a GLONASS transmitter.

40. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said computer is further programmed to:

generate a third weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

generate a fourth weighting signal that is not constant in time and that, when mixed with the reference signal and the composite signal, reduces the effect of presence of a signal-distorting component in the composite signal;

when said bit values b_n-2, b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relations b_n-2 =b_n-1 and b_n-1 ≠

b_n, mix the third weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over a time interval I_n ={t'"'"'|t_n-1 +Δ

t'"'"'≦

t_n +Δ

}, where Δ

is a selected time value satisfying 0≦

Δ

<

Δ

τ

_chip, to produce a contribution to a second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal; and

when said bit values b_n-2, b_n-1 and b_n satisfy the relations b_n-2 ≠

b_n-1, or b_n-1 =b_n, or both, mix the fourth weighting signal with the reference signal and the composite signal over the time interval I_n, to produce a contribution to the second correlation function that represents a timing relationship between the composite signal and the reference signal.

41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein said computer is further programmed to form a correlation difference function Δ

AC(τ

) that is the difference between said first correlation function and said second correlation function, where τ

is a time shift variable that allows variation of at least one of said first timing relationship and said second timing relationship.

42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein said computer is further programmed to form said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said first correlation function attains a maximum amplitude at a first value t_E of said time shift variable τ

that is different from a value t_L of said time shift variable τ

at which said second correlation function reaches a maximum amplitude.

43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein said computer is further programmed to form said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E ≦

0.3 Δ

τ

_chip.

44. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein said computer is further programmed to form said first correlation function and said second correlation function so that said values t_E and t_L of said time shift variable τ

satisfy the relation 0<

t_L -t_E <

2 Δ

τ

_chip.

45. A method for decoding a received signal to reduce signal distortion, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a signal having at least two consecutive bits, with each bit having a value that is represented in the received signal over a time interval;

generating a reference signal having at least two consecutive bits, for matching the received signal;

generating a weighting signal, having an amplitude that varies over time, that conforms to (a) a first sequence of weighting values when each bit of a consecutive bit sequence of the reference signal is part of a predetermined bit sequence and (b) a second sequence of weighting values when at least one bit of a consecutive bit sequence of the reference signal is not part of a predetermined bit sequence; and

mixing the received signal, the reference signal and the weighting signal to determine a timing relationship between the received signal and the reference signal.

46. The method of claim 45, further comprising the step of representing said first sequence and said second sequence of weighting values in said weighting signal over a selected time interval whose length is less than the length of a time interval used to represent one of the bits in said reference signal.

47. The method of claim 46, further comprising the step of beginning said selected time interval a selected time increment before the beginning of said time interval used to represent one of said bits in said reference signal.

48. The method of claim 45, further comprising the steps of:

using said first sequence of weighting values when a first bit and a second bit in a sequence of two consecutive bits in said reference signal have different bit values; and

using said second sequence of weighting values when a first bit and a second bit in a sequence of two consecutive bits in said reference signal have the same bit value.

49. The method of claim 45, further comprising the steps of:

generating a reference signal having at least three consecutive bits;

using said first sequence of weighting values when (i) a first bit and a second bit in a sequence of three consecutive bits in said reference signal have the same bit value and (ii) a third bit in the sequence of three consecutive bits has a bit value that is different from the bit value of the first and second bits; and

using said second sequence of weighting values when at least one of the conditions (i) and (ii) is not satisfied.

50. Apparatus for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the apparatus comprising:

a timing source that issues a sequence of uniformly spaced timing pulses;

a digital computer that receives the timing pulses and receives a plurality of correlation signals, analyzes these signals and issues (1) a carrier phase NCO signal and (2) a selected value for a time shift variable τ

;

a first signal multiplier that receives and mixes an incoming composite signal and the carrier phase NCO signal to produce a modified composite signal s(t);

a first signal processing channel comprising;

a first code phase NCO and generator module that receives the timing pulses and a first value τ

1of the time shift variable τ

, processes this information, and issues a selected digital reference signal S_d (t+τ

) that varies with time t, where the reference signal has a digital bit transition time interval of a selected length Δ

τ

_chip ;

a first time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the reference signal and that produces and issues a first time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

1-t_E1) and a second time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

1-t_L1), where t_E1 and t_L1 (>

t_E1) are selected time shift values, with t_L1 -t_E1 <

2 Δ

τ

_chip ;

a second signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the first time-shifted reference signal to produce a first signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

1-t_E1);

a third signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the second time-shifted reference signal to produce a second signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

1-t_L1);

a first early correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the first signal product and issues a first early correlation value that is received by the computer; and

a first late correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the second signal product and issues a first late correlation value that is received by the computer;

a second signal processing channel comprising;

a second code phase NCO and generator module that receives the timing pulses and a second value τ

2 of the time shift variable τ

, processes this information, and issues the digital reference signal S_d (t+τ

2), where the time shift difference τ

2-τ

1 has a selected value;

a second time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the reference signal and that produces and issues a third time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

2-t_E2) and a fourth time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

2-t_L2), where t_E2 and t_L2 (>

t_E2) are selected time shift values, with t_L2 -t_E2 <

2 Δ

τ

_chip ;

a fourth signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the third time-shifted reference signal to produce a third signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

2-t_E2);

a fifth signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the fourth time-shifted reference signal to produce a fourth signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

2-t_L2);

a second early correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the third signal product and issues a second early correlation value that is received by the computer; and

a second late correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the fourth signal product and issues a second late correlation value that is received by the computer,

where the computer forms a linear combination of at least two of the first early correlation value, the first late correlation value, the second early correlation value, and the second late correlation value and selects the value of at least one of the time shift values τ

1 and τ

2 that the linear combination of correlation values has the value zero.

51. The apparatus of claim 50, further comprising a first time division module, located between said timing source and said first time shift module, and a second time division module, located between said timing source and said second time shift module, where the first and second time division modules receive said timing pulses from said timing source, where, for every N1 consecutive timing pulses received from said timing source, the first time division module delivers a single timing pulse to said first time shift module, where, for every N2 consecutive timing pulses received from said timing source, the second time division module delivers a single timing pulse to said second time shift module, and where N1 and N2 are selected positive integers.

52. Apparatus for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the apparatus comprising:

a timing source that issues a sequence of uniformly spaced timing pulses;

a digital computer that receives the timing pulses and receives a plurality of correlation signals, analyzes these signals and issues (1) a carrier phase NCO signal and (2) a selected value for a time shift variable τ

;

a first signal multiplier that receives and mixes an incoming composite signal and the carrier phase NCO signal to produce a modified composite signal s(t);

a code phase NCO and generator module that receives the timing pulses and the value of the time shift variable τ

, processes this information, and issues a selected digital reference signal S_d (t+τ

) that varies with time t, where the reference signal has a digital bit transition time interval of a selected length Δ

τ

_chip ;

a time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the reference signal and that produces and issues a first time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_E1), a second time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_L1), a third time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_E2) and a fourth time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_L2), where t_E1, t_L, t_E2 and t_L2 are selected time shift values, with 0<

t_L1 -t_E1 <

2 Δ

τ

_chip, and 0<

t_L2 -t_E2 <

2 Δ

τ

_chip ;

a second signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the first time-shifted reference signal to produce a first signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

-t_E1);

a third signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the second time-shifted reference signal to produce a second signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

-t_L1);

a fourth signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the third time-shifted reference signal to produce a third signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

-t_E2);

a fifth signal multiplier that receives and mixes the modified composite signal s(t) and the fourth time-shifted reference signal to produce a fourth signal product s(t)S_d (t+τ

-t_L2);

a first early correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the first signal product and issues a first early correlation value that is received by the computer; and

a first late correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the second signal product and issues a first late correlation value that is received by the computer;

a second early correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the third signal product and issues a second early correlation value that is received by the computer; and

a second late correlator module that receives and processes the timing pulses and the fourth signal product and issues a second late correlation value that is received by the computer,

where the computer forms a linear combination of at least two of the first early correlation value, the first late correlation value, the second early correlation value, and the second late correlation value and selects the value of at least one of the time shift values τ

1 and τ

2 so that the linear combination of correlation values has the value zero.

53. The apparatus of claim 52, further comprising a time division module, located between said timing source and said time shift module and receiving said timing pulses from said timing source, where, for every N1 consecutive timing pulses received from said timing source, the time division module delivers a single timing pulse to said time shift module, where N1 is a selected positive integer.

54. Apparatus for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the apparatus comprising:

a timing source that issues a sequence of uniformly spaced timing pulses;

a code phase NCO and generator module that receives the timing pulses and a value of a time shift variable τ

, processes this information, and issues a selected digital reference signal S_d (t+τ

) that varies with time t, where the reference signal has a digital bit transition time interval of a selected length Δ

τ

_chip ;

a first time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the reference signal and that produces and issues a first time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_E) and a second time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_L), where t_E and t_L are selected time shift values, with 0<

t_L -t_E <

2 Δ

τ

_chip ;

a signal comparison module that receives the signals S_d (t+τ

) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L) and issues a comparison signal S_c (t+τ

), having a first selected value if the signals S_d (t+τ

) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L) have the same value and having a second selected value if the signals S_d (t+τ

) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L) do not have the same value;

a second time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the comparison signal and that produces and issues a first time-shifted comparison signal S_c (t+τ

-t_E) and a second time-shifted comparison signal S_c (t+τ

-t_L); and

a digital computer that;

(1) receives the timing pulses, the first and second time-shifted reference signals S_d (t+τ

-t_E) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L), the first and second time-shifted comparison signals S_c (t+τ

-t_E) and S_c (t+τ

-t_L), and the time shift values t_E and t_L ;

(2) receives an incoming signal and frequency converts the incoming signal to a baseband signal s(t);

(3) forms a first selected weighting function w(t+τ

-t_E) and a second weighting function w(t+τ

-t_L);

(4) for a sequence of at least two distinct time values t=t_k (k=1, 2, 3, . . . ), (4a) computes a first signal product value w(t_k +τ

-t_E)S_d (t_k +τ

-t_E)s(t_k) and accumulates this first signal product value for the time t=t_k if the comparison signal S_c (t_k +τ

-t_E) has the first comparison signal value, (4b) accumulates the value 0 for the time t=t_k if the comparison signal S_c (t_k +τ

-t_E) has the second comparison signal value, to form a first accumulation;

(5) for the sequence of time values t=t_k, (5a) computes a second signal product value w(t_k +τ

-t_L)S_d (t_k +τ

-t_L)s(t_k) and accumulates this second signal product value for the time t=t_k if the comparison signal S_c (t_k +τ

-t_L) has the first comparison signal value, (5b) accumulates the value 0 for the time t=t_k if the comparison signal S_c (t_k +τ

-t_L) has the second comparison signal value, to form a second accumulation;

(6) subtracts the first accumulation from the second accumulation to form an accumulation difference;

(7) determines at least one value t₀ of the time shift variable τ

for which the accumulation difference changes sign; and

(8) interprets the time value t=t₀ as an estimate of the time at which a signal, which is substantially free of the presence of a multipath signal and which was contained in the incoming signal, was received.

55. Apparatus for use in decoding a composite signal having a signal-distorting component, the apparatus comprising:

a timing source that issues a sequence of uniformly spaced timing pulses;

a code phase NCO and generator module that receives the timing pulses and a value of a time shift variable τ

, processes this information, and issues a selected digital reference signal S_d (t+τ

) that varies with time t, where the reference signal has a digital bit transition time interval of a selected length Δ

τ

_chip ;

a first time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the reference signal and that produces and issues a first time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_E) and a second time-shifted reference signal S_d (t+τ

-t_L), where t_E and t_L are selected time shift values, with 0<

t_L -t_E <

2 Δ

τ

_chip ;

a first signal comparison module that receives the signals S_d (t+τ

) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L) and issues a first comparison signal S_c1 (t+τ

), having a first selected value if the signals S_d (t+τ

) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L) have the same value and having a second selected value if the signals S_d (t+τ

) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L) do not have the same value;

a second time shift module that receives the timing pulses and the comparison signal and that produces and issues a first time-shifted first comparison signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_E), a second time-shifted first comparison signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_P); and

a third time-shifted first comparison signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_L), where t_P is a selected time shift value satisfying t_E <

t_P <

t_L ;

a second signal comparison module that receives the signals S_c1 (t+τ

-t_P) and S_c1 (t+τ

-t_L) and issues a second comparison signal S_c2 (t+τ

), where the second comparison signal has a first selected value if the signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_P) has a first selected comparison value and the signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_L) has a second selected comparison value, and the second comparison signal has a second selected value if at least one of the signals S_c2 (t+τ

-t_P) and S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) does not have the first selected comparison value and the second selected comparison value, respectively;

a third signal comparison module that receives the first comparison signal S_c (t+τ

-t_E) and the second comparison signal S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) and issues a third comparison signal S_c3 (t+τ

), where the third comparison signal has a first selected value if the signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_E) has a third selected comparison value and the signal S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) has a fourth selected comparison value, and the third comparison signal has a second selected value if at least one of the signals S_c1 (t+τ

-t_E) and S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) does not have the third selected comparison value and the fourth selected comparison value, respectively;

a fourth signal comparison module that receives the first comparison signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_L) and the second comparison signal S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) and issues a fourth comparison signal S_c4 (t+τ

), where the fourth comparison signal has a first selected value if the signal S_c1 (t+τ

-t_L) has a fifth selected comparison value and the signal S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) has a sixth selected comparison value, and the fourth comparison signal has a second selected value if at least one of the signals S_c1 (t+τ

-t_L) and S_c2 (t+τ

-t_L) does not have the fifth selected comparison value and the sixth selected comparison value, respectively;

a digital computer that;

(1) receives the timing pulses, the first and second time-shifted reference signals S_d (t+τ

-t_E) and S_d (t+τ

-t_L), the third and fourth comparison signals S_c3 (t+τ

) and S_c4 (t+τ

), and the time shift values t_E and t_L ;

(2) receives an incoming signal and frequency converts the incoming signal to a baseband signal s(t);

(3) forms a first selected weighting function w(t+τ

-t_E) and a second weighting function w(t+τ

-t_L);

(4) for a sequence of at least two distinct time values t=t_k (k=1, 2, 3, . . . ), (4a) computes a first signal product value w(t_k +τ

-t_E)S_d (t_k +τ

-t_E)s(t_k) and accumulates this first signal product value for the time t=t_k if the third comparison signal S_c3 (t+τ

) has the first selected third comparison value, (4b) accumulates the value 0 for the time t=t_k if the comparison signal S_c (t_k +τ

-t_E) has the second selected third comparison value, to form a first accumulation;

(5) for the sequence of time values t=t_k, (5a) computes a second signal product value w(t_k +τ

-t_L)S_d (t_k +τ

-t_L)s(t_k) and accumulates this second signal product value for the time t=t_k if the fourth comparison signal S_c4 (t+τ

) has the first selected fourth comparison value, (5b) accumulates the value 0 for the time t=t_k if the fourth comparison signal S_c4 (t+τ

) has the second selected fourth comparison value, to form a second accumulation;

(6) subtracts the first accumulation from the second accumulation to form an accumulation difference;

(7) determines at least one value t₀ of the time shift variable τ

for which the accumulation difference changes sign; and

(8) interprets the time value t=t₀ as an estimate of the time at which a signal, which is substantially free of the presence of a multipath signal and which was contained in the incoming signal, was received.