System and method for authentication of goods

• US 5,974,150 A
• Filed: 07/06/1998
• Issued: 10/26/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 09/30/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Copilot Ventures Fund III LLC
• Original Assignee: TRACER DETECTION TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
• Inventors: Fraser, Jay, Durst, David I., Kaish, Norman
• Primary Examiner(s): Swann, Tod R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): CODDINGTON, TREVOR Q
• Application Number:
  US09/110,315
• Time in Patent Office: 477 Days
• Field of Search: 380/54, 380/59, 380/55, 380/3, 380/23, 359/2, 283/91, 283/92, 283/901, 283/904
• US Class Current: 713/179
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/086 with markings consisting of randomly placed or oriented elements, the randomness of the elements being useable for generating a unique identifying signature of the record carrier, e.g. randomly placed magnetic fibers or magnetic particles in the body of a credit card
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/56 Financial cryptography, e.g. electronic payment or e-cash
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/603 Digital right managament [DRM]
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/805 Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/3263 involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements network architectures or network communication protocols for supporting authentication of entities using certificates in a packet data network H04L63/0823

Abstract

An authentication system comprising a medium having a plurality of elements, the elements being distinctive, detectable and disposed in an irregular pattern or having an intrinsic irregularity. Each element is characterized by a determinable attribute distinct from a two-dimensional coordinate representation of simple optical absorption or simple optical reflection intensity. An attribute and position of the plurality of elements, with respect to a positional reference is detected. A processor generates an encrypted message including at least a portion of the attribute and position of the plurality of elements. The encrypted message is recorded in physical association with the medium. The elements are preferably dichroic fibers, and the attribute is preferably a polarization or dichroic axis, which may vary over the length of a fiber. An authentication of the medium based on the encrypted message may be authenticated with a statistical tolerance, based on a vector mapping of the elements of the medium, without requiring a complete image of the medium and elements to be recorded.

Claims

1. An authentication system comprising:

(a) a medium having a plurality of elements, each clement having an irregularity selected from the group consisting of one or more of an irregular spatial arrangement and an irregular characteristic, and having a determinable intrinsic attribute distinct from a two-dimensional chroma-luminance map;

(b) a detector, detecting said attribute and position, with respect to a positional reference, of the plurality of elements, including said irregularity;

(c) a processor for generating an encrypted message including at least a portion of the attribute and position of the plurality of elements, including a description of said irregularity; and

(d) a recording system for recording the encrypted message in physical association with the medium.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the irregularity of the plurality of elements comprises an irregular arrangement of elements on the medium.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the irregularity of the plurality of elements comprises an irregular characteristic of a respective element.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the irregularity of the plurality of elements comprises both an irregular arrangement of elements on the medium and an irregular characteristic of each respective element.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the attribute comprises a directional vector of a characteristic of a respective element.

6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the detector detects a vector mapping of locations and an associated directional vector of the elements.

7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the encrypted message is encoded in such a manner that the encrypted portion of the attribute and respective position may be recovered therefrom.

8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the encrypted message is encoded in compressed form to preclude complete decoding of the attributes and respective positions of the elements.

9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the medium is logically subdivided into a plurality of regions, wherein an attribute and respective position of the plurality of elements is detected and encoded separately for each region, as a basis for forming the encrypted message.

10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the encrypted message is generated by a process comprising irreversible compression of data representing a mapping of respective positions and associated attributes of the plurality of elements, wherein a separate code is generated for each region of the medium, defining a mathematical function of positions and associated attributes of the plurality of elements within that region.

11. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a processor for determining a correspondence of the recorded encrypted message and a detected attribute and position of the plurality of elements.

12. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a processor for determining a correspondence and an associated reliability, between the recorded encrypted message and the detected attribute and position of the plurality of elements.

13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of elements comprise fiber exhibiting dichroism, the attribute comprising an optical polarization angle.

14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of elements comprise fiber exhibiting dichroism, the attribute comprising an optical polarization angle, the irregularity comprising a variation in a characteristic selected from one or more of the group consisting of dye intensity and dichroism over length of the fiber.

15. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of elements comprise fiber exhibiting dichroism, the attribute comprising an optical polarization angle, and wherein the medium comprises a woven mesh in which the fiber elements are incorporated.

16. The system according to claim 1, wherein the elements comprise fiber exhibiting dichroism, the attribute comprising an optical polarization angle, wherein the medium is a fabric forming part of an article of clothing.

17. The system according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises a non-woven sheet, wherein the element comprises fiber exhibiting dichroism and a variation in dye intensity.

18. The system according to claim 1, wherein the medium comprises paper.

19. The system according to claim 1, wherein the elements are deposited on the medium by a printing process.

20. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processor further receives a parameter, distinct from said elements, relating to an object associated with the medium, and encrypts the message based on the detected attribute and respective position of the plurality of elements and the parameter.

21. The system according to claim 1, wherein the object and medium each comprise woven fabric, the element comprising a fiber exhibiting dichroism and the attribute being an optical polarization angle of the fiber, wherein the processor further receives a physical parameter relating to an object associated with the medium, and encrypts the message based on the detected attribute and respective position of the plurality of elements and the parameter.

22. The system according to claim 1, wherein the element comprises fiber exhibiting dichroism and the attribute comprises an optical polarization angle, wherein the dichroism is exhibited at characteristic wavelengths of a dye within the fiber, wherein a concentration of dye varies over length of the fiber.

23. The system according to claim 22, wherein variations in fiber dye concentration are effected by varying a dye concentration over length during formation of the fiber.

24. The system according to claim 22, wherein variations in fiber dye concentration are effected by altering the dye concentration after formation of the fiber.

25. The system according to claim 24, wherein the dye concentration of the fiber is altered by a bleaching process.

26. The system according to claim 1, wherein the elements comprise fiber exhibiting dichroism and the attribute comprises an optical polarization angle, wherein the optical polarization angle varies over the length of a fiber.

27. The system according to claim 26, wherein the variations in optical polarization angle are effected by a mechanical deformation of the fiber.

28. The system according to claim 26, wherein the variations in optical polarization angle are effected by a thermal process applied to a formed fiber.

29. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processor encrypts a plurality of messages, the plurality of messages differing in respective algorithmic degree of computational complexity.

30. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processor stores an encryption algorithm in a volatile memory, and further deletes the contents of the volatile memory upon detection of attempted unauthorized access or use of the processor.

31. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processor is associated with an identification, wherein the encrypted message further includes the associated identification.

32. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of elements comprise fluorescent dichroic fibers having a fluorescent dye within a polymer matrix, selectively absorbing light having a first wavelength and fluorescing light having a characteristic polarization angle at a second wavelength.

33. The system according to claim 1, wherein said irregularity includes a degree of freedom which cannot be characterized by a circularly polarized light sensor.

34. An authentication system comprising:

(a) an authentication certificate having anisotropic optical properties;

(b) a secure code associated with the authentication certificate defining the anisotropic optical properties based on a received input characterizing the anisotropic optical properties;

(c) an optical system for reading the anisotropic optical properties of the authentication certificate; and

(d) a processor for comparing the read anisotropic optical properties of the authentication certificate with the associated secure code to determine an authenticity of the authentication certificate, the authenticity being associated with a reliability thereof, based on;

stochastic variations in the read anisotropic optical properties of the authentication certificate, and

stochastic variations in the received input used for generation of the associated secure code.

35. The system according to claim 34, wherein the secure code is a public-key/private-key authentication code.

36. The system according to claim 34, wherein the anisotropic optical properties are imparted to the certificate by visible dichroic fibers.

37. The system according to claim 36, wherein the dichroic fibers vary in one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of optical polarization angle, optical polarization angle variations over length, dye concentration, and dye concentration variations over length.

38. A method for authenticating a medium, comprising:

(a) providing a medium having a plurality of elements, the elements being distinctive, detectable and irregular, each element being characterized by a determinable intrinsic attribute distinct from a two-dimensional coordinate representation of simple optical absorption or simple optical reflection intensity;

(b) detecting an attribute and position of the plurality of elements, with respect to a positional reference;

(c) generating an encrypted message including at least a portion of the attribute and position of the plurality of elements; and

(d) recording the encrypted message in physical association with the medium.

39. The method according to claim 38, further comprising the steps of:

reading and decrypting the message in physical association with a medium to be authenticated;

detecting an attribute and a position of a plurality of elements of the medium to be authenticated, with respect to a positional reference of the medium to be authenticated; and

comparing the portion of the attribute and position of the plurality of elements from the message with the detected attribute and position of the plurality of elements of the medium to be authenticated.

40. The method according to claim 39, further comprising the step of determining a reliability of an authentication based on statistical tolerances.

41. The method according to claim 38, wherein said attribute is distinct from a two-dimensional coordinate representation of optical polarization independent absorption or optical polarization independent reflection intensity.

42. An authentication system comprising:

(a) a medium comprising a plurality of physical elements, said plurality of physical elements having a spatial arrangement and respectively nonuniform optical characteristics distinct from a two-dimensional chroma-luminance map of said medium;

(b) a detector, detecting a spatial arrangement of said nonuniform element characteristics of a said plurality of elements;

(c) a processor for generating an encrypted message including at least a partial description of at least a portion of said arrangement of nonuniform element characteristics of the plurality of elements; and

(d) a recording system for recording the encrypted message in physical association with the medium.

43. The authentication system according to claim 42, wherein said nonuniform element characteristics comprise optical anisotropism.

44. The authentication system according to claim 42, wherein said message encodes an identification of said processor.

45. An authentication system comprising:

(a) a medium having a plurality of elements, said plurality of elements having irregularities;

(b) a detector, detecting said irregularities;

(c) a processor for generating a plurality of encrypted messages, each defining at least a portion of said irregularities, said plurality of messages differing in respective algorithmic degree of computational complexity; and

(d) a recording system for recording the encrypted message in physical association with the medium.

46. A method for authenticating a medium, comprising:

(a) providing a medium having a plurality of elements, each element being characterized by a determinable irregular intrinsic attribute distinct from a two-dimensional coordinate representation of simple optical absorption or simple optical reflection intensity;

(b) detecting the irregular attribute and position of the plurality of elements, with respect to a positional reference;

(c) decrypting an encrypted message including at least a portion of the attribute and position of the plurality of elements, recorded in physical association with the medium; and

(d) comparing the decrypted message with the detected attribute and position, to determine an authenticity of the medium.

47. The method according to claim 46 wherein said comparing step includes the substep of evaluating a statistical reliability of said comparison.

48. The method according to claim 46, further comprising the step of decoding an identification of an encoding processor from the encrypted message.

49. The method according to claim 46, wherein the encrypted message defines vector characteristics of the plurality of elements.

50. A method for authenticating a medium, comprising:

(a) providing a medium having a plurality of elements, said plurality of elements having irregularities;

(b) detecting an the irregularities;

(c) decrypting an encrypted message, selected from one or more of a plurality of encrypted messages recorded in physical association with the medium, each including at least a portion of the attribute and position of the plurality of elements, said plurality of messages differing in respective algorithmic degree of computational complexity; and

(d) comparing at least one decrypted message with the detected attribute and position, to determine an authenticity of the medium.

51. A self-authenticating medium, comprising:

(a) a plurality of elements, said plurality of elements having irregularities, each element having an associated vector characteristic intrinsic attribute; and

(b) an encrypted message recorded in physical association with said medium, said message describing at least a portion of the vector characteristic and position of the plurality of elements.

52. The self-authenticating medium according to claim 51, wherein said irregularities comprise anisotropic optical characteristics.