Analysis-by-synthesis speech coding method with open-loop and closed-loop search of a long-term prediction delay

• US 5,974,377 A
• Filed: 10/14/1997
• Issued: 10/26/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 01/06/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Matra Communication
• Inventors: Navarro, William, Mauc, Michel
• Primary Examiner(s): Hudspeth, David R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Opsasnick, Michael N.
• Application Number:
  US08/860,673
• Time in Patent Office: 742 Days
• Field of Search: 704/220, 704/219
• US Class Current: 704/220
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/09 Long term prediction, i.e. removing periodical redundancies, e.g. by using adaptive codebook or pitch predictor
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 25/93 Discriminating between voiced and unvoiced parts of speech signals G10L25/90 takes precedence

Abstract

A method comprising the steps of performing a linear prediction analysis of a speech signal digitized in a series of frames divided into sub-frames, in order to determine the parameters of a short-term synthesis filter; carrying out an open loop analysis to detect voiced signal frames and determine, for each voice frame, a degree of signal voicing and a long-term prediction delay search interval containing a number of delays depending on the degree of voicing; carrying out a closed-loop predictive analysis of the speech signal to select, for at least some sub-frames of the voiced frames, a long-term prediction delay contained in the search interval and constituting a long-term synthesis filter parameter; and determining a stochastic excitation for each sub-frame, to minimize a perceptually weighted deviation between the speech signal and the stochastic excitation filtered by the long-term and short-term synthesis filters.

Claims

1. Analysis-by-synthesis speech coding method for a speech signal digitised into successive frames each divided into a number nst of sub-frames, each sub-frame having a number lst of samples, comprising the steps of:

linear prediction analysis of the speech signal in order to determine parameters of a short-term synthesis filter;

open-loop analysis of the speech signal in order to detect voiced frames of the signal and in order, for each voiced frame, to determine a degree of voicing of the signal and an interval for searching for a long-term prediction delay;

closed-loop predictive analysis of the speech signal in order, for at least one of the sub-frames of the voiced frames, to select a long-term prediction delay contained in the search interval and constituting a parameter of a long-term synthesis filter; and

determination of a stochastic excitation for each sub-frame, so as to minimise a perceptually weighted difference between the speech signal and the stochastic excitation filtered by the long-term and short-term synthesis filters,

wherein, in the open-loop analysis step, the search interval relating to each voiced frame is so determined as to contain a number of delays which is dependent on the degree of voicing of said frame.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the interval for searching for the long-term prediction delay contains fewer delays for those frames having the greatest degree of voicing than for the other voiced frames.

3. Method according to claim 1 wherein the open-loop analysis relating to a frame comprises a determination of nst basic delays which each maximise an open-loop estimate of a long-term prediction gain over a respective sub-frame of said frame, then a comparison between a first predetermined threshold and a first open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over the frame obtained on the basis of the nst basic delays relating to the corresponding sub-frames in order to detect whether the frame is voiced, wherein, if the frame is detected as voiced, the open-loop analysis further comprises, for each sub-frame, a determination of a list of candidate delays for which the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the sub-frame is higher than a defined fraction of the estimate relating to the basic delay for the sub-frame, wherein the candidate delay for which a second open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over the frame is a maximum is selected from said lists, the second open-loop estimate over the frame associated with a candidate delay being obtained on the basis of nst optimal delays, lying in an interval of N1 delays which is centred on said candidate delay, which, respectively, over said interval, maximise the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the nst sub-frames, wherein the determination of the degree of voicing of the frame comprises a comparison between the second maximised estimate of the prediction gain over the frame and at least one other predetermined threshold, and wherein the search interval determined on completion of the open-loop analysis is centred on said selected delay.

4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the open-loop analysis relating to a frame comprises a determination of a basic delay which maximises a first open-loop estimate of a long-term prediction gain over said frame, then a comparison between a first predetermined threshold and the first maximised estimate of the long-term prediction gain over the frame in order to detect whether the frame is voiced, wherein, if the frame is detected as voiced, the open-loop analysis further comprises a determination of a list of candidate delays for which the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the frame is higher than a defined fraction of the estimate relating to the basic delay, wherein the candidate delay for which a second open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over the frame is a maximum is selected from said list, the second open-loop estimate over the frame associated with a candidate delay being obtained on the basis of nst optimal delays, lying in an interval of N1 delays which is centred on said candidate delay, which, respectively, over said interval, maximise the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the nst sub-frames, wherein the determining of the degree of voicing of the frame comprises a comparison between the second maximised estimate of the prediction gain over the frame and at least one other predetermined threshold, and wherein the search interval determined on completion of the open-loop analysis is centred on said selected delay.

5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the open-loop analysis relating to a frame comprises a determination of a number nz of basic delays which each, over a respective sub-interval of possible delay values, maximise a first open-loop estimate of a long-term prediction gain over said frame, then a comparison between a first predetermined threshold and the largest of the first nz maximised estimates of the long-term prediction gain over the frame in order to detect whether the frame is voiced, wherein, if the frame is detected as voiced, the candidate delay for which a second open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over the frame is a maximum is selected from among nz candidate delays obtained from the nz basic delays, the second open-loop estimate over the frame associated with a candidate delay being obtained on the basis of nst optimal delays, lying in an interval of N1 delays which is centred on said candidate delay, which, respectively, over said interval, maximise the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the nst sub-frames, wherein the determining of the degree of voicing of the frame comprises a comparison between the second maximised estimate of the prediction gain over the frame and at least one other predetermined threshold, and wherein the search interval determined on completion of the open-loop analysis is centred on said selected delay.

6. Method according to claim 3, wherein, if the second maximised estimate of the prediction gain over a voiced frame is higher than one of the thresholds, it is determined whether the nst optimal delays lie within an interval centred on the selected delay and containing a number N3 of delays which is less than N1 and, if so, the frame is assigned a degree of voicing for which the interval for searching for the long-term prediction delay contains N3 delays, the search interval containing N1 delays for at least one other degree of voicing.

7. Method according to claim 3, wherein, during the maximising of the second open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over a voiced frame, a third open-loop estimate of the gain over the frame is also calculated on the basis of nst delays, lying within an interval centred on the selected delay and containing a number N3 of delays which is less than N1, which, respectively, over said interval of N3 delays, maximise the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the nst sub-frames, and wherein the frame is assigned a degree of voicing for which the search interval contains N3 delays if said third estimate exceeds a predetermined threshold, the search interval containing N1 delays for at least one other degree of voicing.

8. Method according to claim 3, wherein the candidate delays of a list are chosen from among the sub-multiples of the basic delay which is associated with said list and from among the multiples of the smallest of said sub-multiples for which the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain is higher than said defined fraction of the estimate relating to the basic delay.

9. Method according to claim 8, wherein the long-term prediction delays corresponds to integer or fractional numbers of samples of the speech signal, wherein the basic delays are determined in fractional resolution in order to search for the sub-multiples and the multiples to be included in a list of candidate delays, and wherein the basic delays are determined in integer resolution in order to evaluate the first open-loop estimates of the prediction gain over a frame.

10. Method according to claim 3, wherein the closed-loop predictive analysis is not carried out in relation to each sub-frame for which the autocorrelation of the speech signal associated with the optimal delay for said sub-frame is negative.

11. Method according to claim 4, wherein, if the second maximised estimate of the prediction gain over a voiced frame is higher than one of the thresholds, it is determined whether the nst optimal delays lie within an interval centred on the selected delay and containing a number N3 of delays which is less than N1 and, if so, the frame is assigned a degree of voicing for which the interval for searching for the long-term prediction delay contains N3 delays, the search interval containing N1 delays for at least one other degree of voicing.

12. Method according to claim 4, wherein, during the maximising of the second open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over a voiced frame, a third open-loop estimate of the gain over the frame is also calculated on the basis of nst delays, lying within an interval centred on the selected delay and containing a number N3 of delays which is less than N1, which, respectively, over said interval of N3 delays, maximise the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the nst sub-frames, and wherein the frame is assigned a degree of voicing for which the search interval contains N3 delays if said third estimate exceeds a predetermined threshold, the search interval containing N1 delays for at least one other degree of voicing.

13. Method according to claim 4, wherein the candidate delays of a list are chosen from among the sub-multiples of the basic delay which is associated with said list and from among the multiples of the smallest of said sub-multiples for which the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain is higher than said defined fraction of the estimate relating to the basic delay.

14. Method according to claim 13, wherein the long-term prediction delays corresponds to integer or fractional numbers of samples of the speech signal, wherein the basic delays are determined in fractional resolution in order to search for the sub-multiples and the multiples to be included in a list of candidate delays, and wherein the basic delays are determined in integer resolution in order to evaluate the first open-loop estimates of the prediction gain over a frame.

15. Method according to claim 4, wherein the closed-loop predictive analysis is not carried out in relation to each sub-frame for which the autocorrelation of the speech signal associated with the optimal delay for said sub-frame is negative.

16. Method according to claim 5, wherein, if the second maximised estimate of the prediction gain over a voiced frame is higher than one of the thresholds, it is determined whether the nst optimal delays lie within an interval centred on the selected delay and containing a number N3 of delays which is less than N1 and, if so, the frame is assigned a degree of voicing for which the interval for searching for the long-term prediction delay contains N3 delays, the search interval containing N1 delays for at least one other degree of voicing.

17. Method according to claim 5, wherein, during the maximising of the second open-loop estimate of the long-term prediction gain over a voiced frame, a third open-loop estimate of the gain over the frame is also calculated on the basis of nst delays, lying within an interval centred on the selected delay and containing a number N3 of delays which is less than N1, which, respectively, over said interval of N3 delays, maximise the open-loop estimate of the prediction gain over the nst sub-frames, and wherein the frame is assigned a degree of voicing for which the search interval contains N3 delays if said third estimate exceeds a predetermined threshold, the search interval containing N1 delays for at least one other degree of voicing.

18. Method according to claim 5, wherein the closed-loop predictive analysis is not carried out in relation to each sub-frame for which the autocorrelation of the speech signal associated with the optimal delay for said sub-frame is negative.