Electrochemical cell with a porous support plate

• US 6,024,848 A
• Filed: 04/15/1998
• Issued: 02/15/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 04/15/1998
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: UTC Fuel Cells, LLC (Doosan Corporation)
• Original Assignee: International Fuel Cells Corporation (Doosan Corporation)
• Inventors: Breault, Richard David, Dufner, Bryan Franz
• Primary Examiner(s): Valentine, Donald R.
• Application Number:
  US09/060,583
• Time in Patent Office: 671 Days
• Field of Search: 204/283, 204/252, 204/254-258, 204/263-266, 429/34-40
• US Class Current: 204/252
• CPC Class Codes: C25B 9/19 with diaphragms
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2300/0082 Organic polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0234 Carbonaceous material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0239 Organic resins; Organic polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0243 in the form of mixtures
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0245 in the form of layered or coated products
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0258 characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0267 having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0271 Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04029 Heat exchange using liquids
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04291 Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems H01M8/04119 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/08 Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/1007 with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised H01M8/12 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 70/50 Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Abstract

An improved electrochemical cell such as a fuel cell is disclosed including a porous support plate for enhancing transport of fluids throughout the cell and for enhancing capacitance and transient response capability of the cell. The electrochemical cell includes an electrolyte having opposed major surfaces with an anode and a cathode electrode supported in intimate contact with the opposed major surfaces. A porous support plate is secured adjacent each electrode, and each porous support plate includes a contact bi-layer in intimate contact with the electrode. Each contact bi-layer is comprised of a hydrophobic phase including a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic polymer defining a network of hydrophobic gas passages and each contact bi-layer also includes a hydrophilic phase including a mixture of carbon black and a proton exchange resin defining a network of hydrophilic liquid passages integrated throughout the contact bi-layer. Each porous support plate also includes a porous substrate layer adjacent and supporting the contact bi-layer. A method of manufacture of the porous support plate includes the steps of preparing a hydrophobic phase compound, preparing a hydrophilic phase compound, mixing and filtering the two compounds to form a contact bi-layer, transferring the contact bi-layer onto a porous substrate layer to form a porous support plate. An alternative method includes an additional step of activating the contact bi-layer in an acid bath at controlled electrical potentials to enhance capacitance of the cell.

Claims

1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:

a. an electrolyte held within a porous non-conductive matrix having a first major surface and an opposed second major surface;

b. an anode electrode supported in intimate contact with the first major surface and a cathode electrode supported in intimate contact with the second major surface; and

c. at least one porous support plate including a contact bi-layer adjacent the anode or cathode electrode supported on a porous substrate layer, wherein the contact bi-layer includes hydrophobic phase means for facilitating gas transfer and for restricting liquid absorption through a network of hydrophobic gas passages integrated throughout the contact bi-layer and the contact bi-layer also includes hydrophilic phase means for facilitating liquid transfer through a network of hydrophilic liquid passages integrated throughout the contact bi-layer, and for increasing capacitance of the cell.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic phase means includes hydrophobic gas passages defined by a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic polymer and the hydrophilic phase means includes hydrophilic liquid passages defined by a mixture of carbon black and a proton exchange resin.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic polymer comprises a mixture of about thirty-five to sixty-five weight per cent of a high structure carbon black and about sixty-five to thirty-five weight per cent of the hydrophobic polymer.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 3, wherein the mixture of carbon black and a proton exchange resin includes about thirty to seventy weight per cent of a low structure, high surface area carbon black and about seventy to thirty weight per cent of the proton exchange resin.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 4, wherein the contact bi-layer includes about fifty to eighty per cent by volume of the hydrophobic phase means and about fifty to twenty per cent by volume of the hydrophilic means.

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 5, wherein the substrate layer includes discrete hydrophobic regions and discrete hydrophilic regions wherein the hydrophobic regions include hydrophobic compounds to facilitate gas transfer and restrict liquid absorption through the hydrophobic regions.

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, wherein the cell is a fuel cell and the electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane.

8. A fuel cell for producing electrical energy from reactant and oxidant fluids, comprising:

a. a proton exchange membrane having a first major surface and an opposed second major surface;

b. an anode electrode supported in intimate contact with the first major surface and a cathode electrode supported in intimate contact with the second major surface; and

,

c. at least one porous support plate including a contact bi-layer in fluid communication with the anode or cathode electrode supported on a porous substrate layer, wherein the contact bi-layer includes a hydrophobic mixture that defines a network of hydrophobic gas passages integrated throughout the contact bi-layer for facilitating gas transfer and for restricting liquid absorption and the contact bi-layer also includes a hydrophilic mixture that defines a network of hydrophilic liquid passages integrated throughout the contact bi-layer for facilitating liquid transfer, and for increasing capacitance of the cell.

9. The fuel cell of claim 8, wherein the hydrophobic mixture further comprises a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic polymer and the hydrophilic mixture further comprises a mixture of carbon black and a proton exchange resin.

10. The fuel cell of claim 9, wherein the mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic polymer further comprises a mixture of about thirty-five to sixty-five weight per cent of a high structure carbon black and about sixty-five to thirty-five weight per cent of the hydrophobic polymer.

11. The fuel cell of claim 9, wherein the mixture of carbon black and a proton exchange resin further comprises about thirty to seventy weight per cent of a low structure, high surface area carbon black and about seventy to thirty weight per cent of the proton exchange resin.

12. The fuel cell of claim 8, wherein the contact bi-layer includes about fifty to eighty per cent by volume of the hydrophobic mixture and about fifty to twenty per cent by volume of the hydrophilic mixture.

13. The fuel cell of claim 8, wherein the porous substrate layer includes discrete hydrophobic regions and discrete hydrophilic regions wherein the hydrophobic regions include hydrophobic compounds to facilitate gas transfer and restrict liquid absorption through the hydrophobic regions.

14. The fuel cell of claim 8, wherein the porous substrate layer includes a wettability preserving compound so that a pressure differential between a coolant liquid water supplied through a water transport plate and the reactant fluid displaces most liquid water from pores within the substrate to facilitate gas transfer and retain some liquid water transfer through the substrate layer.