Process for preparing an optical fiber sensor with enhanced sensitivity

• US 6,035,082 A
• Filed: 03/16/1998
• Issued: 03/07/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 03/16/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. (Intuitive Surgical Holdings, LLC)
• Original Assignee: Luna Innovations, Inc.
• Inventors: Jones, Mark E., Murphy, Kent A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Lee, John D.
• Assistant Examiner(s): KIM, ELLEN E
• Application Number:
  US09/039,688
• Time in Patent Office: 722 Days
• Field of Search: 385/37.31, 385/12.13
• US Class Current: 385/37
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02095 Long period gratings, i.e. transmission gratings coupling light between core and cladding modes
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02114 characterised by enhanced photosensitivity characteristics of the fibre, e.g. hydrogen loading, heat treatment treatment of glass fibres by ion diffusion, implantation, radiation, C03C25/60, C03C25/62
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02142 based on illuminating or irradiating an amplitude mask, i.e. a mask having a repetitive intensity modulating pattern

Abstract

A process for preparing an optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity is provided. A length of optical fiber having a refractive index profile is provided. The optical fiber supports a core mode and cladding modes for a range of operational wavelengths. Group indices are identified for the core mode and the cladding modes for a specific wavelength wherein the group indices are equal to each other. A long period grating is written in the optical fiber. The long period grating has a grating defined by the group indices and it couples light from the core mode to a cladding mode proximate to where the group indices are equal. The optical fibers prepared by the present invention may be used for measuring an environmental perturbation where high sensitivity is required.

Claims

1. A process for preparing an optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity, the process comprising the steps of:

a) providing a length of optical fiber having a refractive index profile, and wherein the optical fiber supports a core mode and cladding modes for a range of operational wavelengths;

b) identifying group indices for the core mode and the cladding modes for a specific wavelength wherein the group indices are equal to each other; and

c) writing a long period grating in the optical fiber wherein the long period grating has a period defined by the group indices and wherein the long period grating couples light from the core mode to a cladding mode proximate to where the group indices are equal.

2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the group indices are identified by:

a) calculating effective indices of the core mode and the cladding modes at the operational wavelengths;

b) calculating a phase match condition of a long period grating;

c) generating characteristic modal curves; and

d) identifying a modal cusp.

3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the effective indices of the core mode and the cladding modes are calculated based on:

a) optical fiber geometry;

b) core and cladding refractive indices of the optical fiber;

c) core and cladding diameter of the optical fiber; and

d) wavelength of coupled light passing through the optical fiber.

4. A process according to claim 2, wherein the modal cusp is identified by plotting wavelength of light passing through the optical fiber versus grating period and identifying a change in slope of the plot.

5. An optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity prepared by the process according to claim 4.

6. A process according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of:

a) determining the operational wavelength of the fiber;

b) determining the operational sensitivity of the fiber; and

c) designing a refractive index profile to obtain group indices of the core mode and the cladding modes.

7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the effective indices of the core mode and the cladding modes are calculated based on:

a) optical fiber geometry;

b) core and cladding refractive indices of the optical fiber;

c) core and cladding diameter of the optical fiber; and

d) wavelength of coupled light passing through the optical fiber.

8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the group indices are identified by:

a) calculating effective indices of the core mode and the cladding modes at the operational wavelengths;

b) calculating the group indices based on the effective indices; and

c) determining whether the group indices are equal.

9. An optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity prepared by the process according to claim 1.

10. A process for preparing an optical fiber have at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity, the process comprising the steps of:

a) providing a length of optical fiber having a refractive index profile, and wherein the optical fiber supports a core mode and cladding modes for a range of operational wavelengths;

b) calculating effective indices of the core mode and the cladding modes;

c) calculating a phase match condition of a long period grating;

d) generating characteristic modal curves;

e) identifying a modal cusp by plotting wavelength of light passing through the optical fiber versus grating period and identifying a change in slope of the plot; and

f) writing a long period grating in the optical fiber wherein the long period grating has a period defined by the group indices and wherein the long period grating couples light from the core mode to a cladding mode proximate to the modal cusp.

11. An optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity prepared by the process according to claim 10.

12. A process for measuring an environmental perturbation, the process comprising the steps of:

a) providing an optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity, each long period grating having a period defined by group indices and having two coupling points into a single cladding mode, wherein each coupling point has a specific wavelength;

b) exposing the optical fiber to a perturbation in an environment wherein the exposure causes a change in the wavelength of each coupling point; and

c) measuring a separation difference in the wavelengths of each coupling point.

13. A process according to claim 12, wherein the perturbation in an environment is selected from the group consisting of:

temperature, strain, shape, corrosion, pressure, and refractive index.

14. A process according to claim 13, wherein the perturbation in an environment is a refractive index.

15. A process for measuring refractive index, the process comprising the steps of:

a) providing an optical fiber having at least one long period grating with enhanced sensitivity, each long period grating having a period defined by group indices and having two coupling points into a single cladding mode, wherein each coupling point has a specific wavelength;

b) exposing the optical fiber to a refractive index change, wherein the exposure causes a change in the wavelength of each coupling point; and

c) measuring a separation difference in the wavelengths of each coupling point.