Method for embedding digital information in an image

• US 6,044,182 A
• Filed: 07/29/1998
• Issued: 03/28/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 11/30/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Eastman Kodak Company
• Original Assignee: Eastman Kodak Company
• Inventors: Daly, Scott J., Hamilton, John, Denber, Michel, Honsinger, Chris W., Squilla, John R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Boudreau, Leo H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Mariam, Daniel G.
• Application Number:
  US09/124,652
• Time in Patent Office: 608 Days
• Field of Search: 382/115, 382/116, 382/276, 382/203, 382/232, 382/279, 382/284, 380/3, 380/4, 380/13, 380/23, 348/584, 348/598
• US Class Current: 382/284
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0064 Geometric transfor invariant watermarking, e.g. affine transform invariant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0052 Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0061 Embedding of the watermark in each block of the image, e.g. segmented watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0081 whereby both original and watermarked images are required at decoder, e.g. destination-based, non-blind, non-oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0083 whereby only watermarked image required at decoder, e.g. source-based, blind, oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32203 Spatial or amplitude domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32251 in multilevel data, e.g. greyscale or continuous tone data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3205 of identification information, e.g. name or ID code H04N2201/3209 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3225 of data relating to an image, a page or a document
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3226 of identification information or the like, e.g. ID code, index, title, part of an image, reduced-size image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/328 Processing of the additional information

Abstract

A method of embedding digital data in a source image includes the steps of: a) generating a multi-level data image representing the digital data; b) convolving the multi-level data image with an encoding carrier image to produce a frequency dispersed data image; and c) adding the frequency dispersed data image to the source image to produce a source image containing embedded data. The data is recovered from the image by: a) cross correlating the source image containing embedded data with a decoding carrier image to recover the data image; and b) extracting the digital data from the recovered data image.

Claims

1. A method of embedding digital data in a source image, comprising the steps of:

(a) generating a multi-level data image representing the digital data;

(b) generating an encoding carrier image f(x,y) having spatially dispersing properties defined by its Fourier transform F(u,v) wherein

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">F(u,v)=|F(u,v)|e.sup.iφ

(u,v) with phase response φ

(u,v)≠

0;

(c) convolving the multi-level data image with the encoding carrier image to produce a spatially dispersed data image altered by the phase response; and

(d) adding the spatially dispersed data image to the source image to produce a source image containing embedded data.

2. The method claimed in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

a) cross correlating the source image containing embedded data with a decoding carrier image to recover the data image; and

b) extracting the digital data from the recovered data image.

3. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of generating the multi-level data image, comprises the steps of:

a) appending an identification code to the digital data;

b) arranging the digital data in a 2-dimensional array;

c) generating a multi-level image having data centers representing the bits in the 2-dimensional data array; and

d) expanding the multi-level image and filling in the spaces between the data centers with null level values in the multi-level image.

4. The method claimed in claim 3, further comprising the step of adding error correction bits to the digital data.

5. The method claimed in claim 3, wherein the data centers are convolved with a shaping kernel to facilitate subsequent detection of the data centers.

6. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the encoding carrier image is generated by the steps of:

a) providing a 1-dimensional carrier signal; and

b) converting the 1-dimensional carrier signal to a 2-dimensional carrier signal using a rotational sweep.

7. The method claimed in claim 2, wherein the decoding carrier image is identical to the encoding carrier image.

8. The method claimed in claim 2, wherein:

a) the decoding carrier image is generated by the steps of;

i) providing a 1-dimensional carrier signal, and ii) converting the 1-dimensional carrier signal to a 2-dimensional carrier signal using a rotational sweep; and

b) the encoding carrier image is generated similarly by employing a subset of the rotational sweep used to generate the decoder carrier image.

9. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of convolving employs a periodic 2-D convolution.

10. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the adding step is performed optically.

11. The method claimed in claim 2, wherein the steps are performed on a digital computer.

12. The method claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of repeating the spatially dispersed data image in a tiled fashion prior to the adding step.

13. The method claimed in claim 2, wherein the cross correlation step is periodic cross correlation.

14. An image having embedded digital data produced according to the method of claim 1.

15. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of adding is performed by optical techniques.

16. The method claimed in claim 15, wherein the spatially dispersed data image is added to the source image in a photographic camera by pre-exposing photographic film used in the camera with the spatially dispersed image.

17. The method claimed in claim 6, wherein the 1-dimensional carrier signal is a noise sequence.

18. The method claimed in claim 10, wherein the adding step is performed in the film plane of a photographic camera.

19. The method claimed in claim 3, further comprising the steps of:

a) cross correlating the source image containing embedded data with a decoding carrier image to recover the data image; and

b) extracting the digital data from the recovered data image by;

i) converting the recovered data image into a two dimensional data array;

ii) periodically tiling the two dimensional data array to produce a tiled two dimensional data array; and

iii) searching the tiled two dimensional data array for the identification code to determine the starting location of the two dimensional data array.