Covert digital identifying indicia for digital image

• US 6,049,627 A
• Filed: 05/28/1997
• Issued: 04/11/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 05/28/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Thomson Reuters Global Resources Unlimited Company (The Woodbridge Co. Ltd.)
• Original Assignee: Thomason Information Services Incorporated
• Inventors: Becker, Glenn, Dahbour, Salam H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Couso, Jose L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Do, Anh Hong
• Application Number:
  US08/864,150
• Time in Patent Office: 1,049 Days
• Field of Search: 382/232, 382/181, 382/137, 386/94, 380/4
• US Class Current: 382/181
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant

Abstract

A method and system for affixing covert identifying indicia to a digital image document, by altering pixel luminance and/or saturation in the image in selected areas of the image to a selected differential in luminance and/or saturation. The differential in luminance and/or saturation is selected to be in a range which is minimally detectable by the human eye. The identifying indicia may be detected by checking the digital document for patterns of differential luminance and/or saturation in the selected range of the differential.

Claims

1. A method of affixing a covert digital identifying indicia to a digital image, comprising the steps of:

providing, to a processor, an input image defined by an array of pixel units each pixel unit having a control quality selected from the group consisting of luminance and saturation;

providing to said processor an identifying indicia template defining an identifying indicia image and formed of a plurality of bits which have a spatial correspondence with pixels in said array of pixel units;

altering, in said array of pixel units defining said input image, the control quality of pixel units which have said spatial correspondence, to a pre-selected difference level, said pre-selected difference level being in a range selected to render the alter ed pixel units minimally detectable to the human eye when they are displayed;

generating, from said processor, an array of pixels defining an output image, said array of pixels in said output image being comprised of said input image with said altered pixel units, so as to embed in said output image covert detectable identifying indicia which represent said identifying indicia image.

2. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of altering said control quality of pixel units in said array of pixel units to a pre-selected difference in control quality comprises the steps of:

determining the mean of the control quality between pixel units having said spatial correspondence, and altering the control quality of at least one of said latter pixel units to a value substantially equal to said mean of the control quality less a first portion of the pre-selected difference in control quality, and altering a second pixel unit associated with at least one of said latter pixel units to a value substantially equal to said mean of the control quality plus a second portion of the pre-selected difference in control quality.

3. A method in accordance with claim 1 and further comprising the steps of:

defining a token encompassing a group pixels;

comparing tokens of bits from said identifying indicia template with corresponding tokens of pixels from said array of pixel units defining said input image

wherein said altering step alters the control quality of pixel units of said input image within a token at token positions where said comparing step identifies the presence of said identifying indicia image.

4. A method in accordance with claim 2, wherein said first and second portions of the pre-selected difference level in the control quality comprise one half thereof.

5. A method in accordance with claim 3 wherein said tokens comprise a predefined pixel matrix size of a width w and height h measured in pixels, wherein the control quality of adjacent pixel units of said input image in said tokens is altered when said comparing of said tokens identifies the presence of said identifying indicia image.

6. A method in accordance with claim 5, wherein said input image and said identifying indicia template are simultaneously processed by said processor to alter said control quality of adjacent pixel units of said input image within tokens formed of pixel units in said input image.

7. A method in accordance with claims 3 wherein said adjacent tokens of said identifying indicia template are formed of pixel units located along a predefined path.

8. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said bits within the identifying indicia template are representative of a black and white image, and said identifying indicia image comprises bits representative of a black image.

9. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said control quality consists of luminance.

10. A method in accordance with claim 9 wherein said pre-selected difference in luminance is selected to be in a range from about 0.005 to about 0.2.

11. A method in accordance with claim 10 wherein said pre-selected difference in luminance is selected to be in a range from about 0.04 to about 0.08.

12. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said pre-selected difference in luminance is selected to be about 0.04.

13. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said control quality consists of saturation.

14. A method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising the steps of detecting said covert identifying indicia in a copy of said digital image wherein said copy is formed of an array of pixel units having said control quality, by:

determining the amount of the control quality of respective pixel units in the array of pixel units forming said copy;

calculating the difference in said control quality between selected pixel units in the array of pixel units of said copy of said digital image;

comparing the calculated difference with a predetermined control quality difference range to determine those pixel units representative of said covert identifying indicia when said calculated differences are within said predetermined control quality difference range; and

generating an output image represented by an output array of pixel units for display, said output array including pixel units for which the comparing step yielded a difference in control quality that was within the predetermined control quality difference range, said pixel units in said output array producing, when displayed, a contrast area against a background area, said contrast area being positioned at spatial locations to reveal said covert identifying indicia in the array of pixel units forming said copy of the digital image.

15. A method in accordance with claim 14, wherein said comparing step further comprises:

comparing said calculated differences with a predetermined control quality difference range that is a predetermined similarity threshold.

16. A digital document containing covert identifying indicia, comprising a digital image defined by an array of adjacent pixel units, each pixel unit having a control quality selected from the group consisting of luminance and saturation;

predetermined pixel units within said array having a pre-selected difference in control quality, said pre-selected difference in control quality being in a range selected to be minimally detectable to the human eye when said digital document is displayed, said pixel units having said pre-selected difference in control quality being positioned to define, in the aggregate within said array of pixel units, an embedded covert identifying indicia image.

17. A digital document in accordance with claim 16 wherein said control quality consists of luminance.

18. A digital document in accordance with claim 17, wherein said pre-selected difference in luminance is selected to be in a range from about 0.005 to about 0.2.

19. A digital document in accordance with claim 18 wherein said pre-selected difference in luminance is selected to be in a range from about 0.04 to about 0.08.

20. A digital document in accordance with claim 19 wherein said pre-selected difference in luminance is selected to be about 0.04.

21. A digital document in accordance with claim 16 wherein said control quality consists of saturation.

22. A digital document in accordance with claim 16 wherein said pre-selected difference in said control quality comprises the mean of the control quality of adjacent pixel units plus or minus a portion of said pre-selected difference in control quality.

23. A method of detecting covert identifying indicia in a digital image formed of an array of pixel units having a control quality, comprising the steps of:

determining the amount of the control quality of respective pixel units in said array of pixel units, said control quality being selected from the group consisting of luminance and saturation;

calculating a difference in the control quality between selected pixel units in said array of pixel units;

comparing the calculated differences with a predetermined control quality difference range to determine those pixel units representative of said covert identifying indicia when said calculated differences are within said predetermined control quality difference range;

generating an output image represented by an output array of pixel units, said output array including pixel units for which the comparing step yielded a difference in control quality that was within the predetermined control quality difference range, said pixel units in said output array being capable of producing a contrast area against a background area, said contrast area being positioned at spatial locations corresponding to locations for said covert identifying indicia in the digital image.

24. A method in accordance with claim 23, wherein said step of generating an output image further comprises the step of:

altering the control quality of those pixel units for which the comparing step yielded a difference in control quality that was within the predetermined control quality difference range, said altered control quality being selected at a level with which a visual display of the pixel units in said output image reveals said covert identifying indicia.

25. A method in accordance with claims 23 wherein said control quality consists of luminance.

26. A method in accordance with claims 23 wherein said control quality consists of saturation.

27. A method in accordance with claims 23 wherein said selected pixels are adjacent pixels.

28. A method in accordance with claim 27 wherein said control quality consists of luminance.

29. A method in accordance with claim 27 wherein said control quality consists of saturation.

30. A method of detecting covert identifying indicia in a digital image formed of an input array of pixel units having a control quality, comprising the steps of:

determining the amount of the control quality of adjacent pixel units in said digital image, said control quality of respective pixel units in said input array of pixel units being selected from the group consisting of luminance and saturation;

calculating and storing the differences in said amount of said control quality between adjacent pixel units in said input array of pixel units of said digital image;

determining a range for the most common calculated differences in said control quality generating an output image represented by an output array of pixel units for display, wherein pixel units from the input array of pixel units, for which the calculated control quality difference falls within the range, have a changed control quality to be capable of producing, when displayed, a contrast area with respect to a background display of pixel units whose control quality is outside the range, so as to reveal the covert identifying indicia embedded within the pixel units of said digital image.

31. A method in accordance with claim 30 wherein said control quality consists of luminance.

32. A method in accordance with claim 30 wherein said control quality consists of saturation.

33. A system for placing a covert identifying indicia within a digital image, comprising:

a digital input image, having a plurality of adjacent pixel units, each having a luminance, stored in a digital storage device;

an identifying indicia template having an identifying indicia image formed of a plurality of bits stored in a digital storage device, said bits having a luminance;

a digital processor programmed to combine said input image and said identifying indicia template so that the luminance of the pixel units and said bits is adjusted to generate an output image containing covert identifying indicia formed of a plurality of adjacent pixel units, each having a luminance, with certain of said adjacent pixel units having a pre-selected difference in luminance, said pre-selected difference in luminance being in a range selected to be minimally detectable to the human eye, said adjacent pixel units having said pre-selected difference in luminance being positioned to define said identifying indicia image; and

a digital storage device for storing said output image containing covert identifying indicia.

34. A method of affixing a covert digital identifying indicia to a digital image, comprising the steps of:

providing an input image, having a plurality of adjacent pixel units, each having a hue, saturation, and luminance, to a processor;

providing to said processor an identifying indicia template input having a spatial correspondence with said input image and having an identifying indicia image in the form of a plurality of bits at predetermined spatial locations relative to said input image;

combining, in said processor, the pixel units of said input image with the bits of said identifying indicia template input to generate an output image containing covert identifying indicia by altering said saturation of adjacent pixel units in said input image, at positions selected to correspond to said identifying indicia image, to a selected difference in saturation, said selected difference in saturation being in a range selected to be minimally detectable to the human eye.

35. A method of affixing a covert digital identifying indicia to a digital image, comprising the steps of:

providing an input image, having a plurality of adjacent pixel units, each having a luminance, to a processor;

providing to said processor an identifying indicia template input having a spatial correspondence with said input image and having an identifying indicia image in the form of a plurality of bits at predetermined spatial locations relative to said input image;

combining, in said processor, the pixel units of said input image with the bits of said identifying indicia template input to generate an output image containing covert identifying indicia by altering said luminance of adjacent pixel units in said input image, at positions selected to correspond to said identifying indicia image, to a pre-selected difference in luminance, said pre-selected difference in luminance being in a range selected to be minimally detectable to the human eye.

36. A method in accordance with claim 35 wherein said step of altering said luminance of adjacent pixel units in said input image to a pre-selected difference in luminance comprises the steps of:

determining the mean of the luminance between adjacent pixel units, and altering the luminance of one said adjacent pixel unit to a value substantially equal to said mean of the luminance less one half of the pre-selected difference in luminance, and altering a second adjacent pixel unit to a value substantially equal to said mean of the luminance plus one half of the pre-selected difference in luminance.