Method and apparatus for improving vision and the resolution of retinal images

• US 6,095,651 A
• Filed: 07/02/1999
• Issued: 08/01/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 12/23/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: University of Rochester
• Original Assignee: University of Rochester
• Inventors: Liang, Junzhong, Williams, David R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Manuel, George
• Application Number:
  US09/346,309
• Time in Patent Office: 396 Days
• Field of Search: 351/205, 351/211, 351/212, 351/219, 351/221, 351/246, 351/247, 600/108, 606/7, 606/10, 606/11, 606/12, 606/13, 606/17, 606/130, 607/88, 607/89, 128/898
• US Class Current: 351/246
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/103 for determining refraction, e.g. refractometers, skiascopes
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/14 Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography apparatus or arrangements for taking photographs per se G03B
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/156 for blocking
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 9/00 Measuring optical phase difference devices or arrangements for controlling the phase of light beams G02F1/01; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength spectrometry G01J3/00

Abstract

A method of and apparatus for improving vision and the resolution of retinal images is described in which a point source produced on the retina of a living eye by a laser beam is reflected from the retina and received at a lenslet array of a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor such that each of the lenslets in the lenslet array forms an aerial image of the retinal point source on a CCD camera located adjacent to the lenslet array. The output signal from the CCD camera is acquired by a computer which processes the signal and produces a correction signal which may be used to control a compensating optical or wavefront compensation device such as a deformable mirror. It may also be used to fabricate a contact lens or intraocular lens, or to guide a surgical procedure to correct the aberrations of the eye. Any of these methods could correct aberrations beyond defocus and astigmatism, allowing improved vision and improved imaging of the inside of the eye.

Claims

1. Apparatus for use in performing laser surgery on the living eye to correct for aberrations of the living eye, comprising:

means for generating a reflected point source image of the retina of said living eye;

means for receiving said reflected point source image and for converting said point source image to corresponding digital signals;

a digital data processor for calculating wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals; and

means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations from said digital data processor for performing laser surgery of said living eye.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations comprises a laser for performing refractive surgery of the living eye.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye.

5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations comprises a laser for performing photoablative surgery of said living eye.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations comprises a laser for performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

18. Apparatus for use in performing surgery on a living eye, said apparatus comprising:

a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving a reflected point source of the retina of said living eye and for creating an image of the retinal point source;

a camera located adjacent to said lenslet array for viewing said image of said retinal point source formed on each of said plurality of lenslets of said lenslet array;

a digital data processor connected to receive output signals from said camera and for converting said output signals to digital signals representative of said retinal point source images, said digital data processor further calculating wave aberrations of said eye using said representative digital signals; and

surgical equipment connected to receive said calculated wave aberrations from said digital data processor for use in performing surgery on said living eye.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said surgical equipment comprises a laser for performing refractive surgery on said living eye.

22. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the surgery comprises refractive surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the surgery comprises refractive surgery on a cornea of the living eye.

24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

25. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said surgical equipment comprises a laser for performing photoablative surgery on said living eye.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

27. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said surgical equipment comprises a laser for performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on said living eye.

28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

29. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

30. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

31. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

32. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

33. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

34. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

35. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the surgery comprises refractive surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

36. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

20. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

37. Apparatus for fabricating contact or intraocular lenses for correcting for wave aberrations of the living eye, comprising:

means for generating a reflected point source image of a retina of said living eye;

means for receiving said reflected point source image and for converting said point source image to corresponding digital signals;

a digital data processor for calculating wave aberrations of the eye using said digital signals; and

at least one of a contact lens and intraocular fabrication system connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations from said digital data processor for fabricating at least one contact or intraocular lens to provide wavefront compensation for wave aberrations of said living eye.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein said at least one of a contact lens and intraocular fabrication system comprises a system for customizing an optical element.

39. The apparatus of claim 38, where said system for customizing an optical element customizes a lens.

40. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the calculated wave-aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

41. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein said means for generating comprises a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina.

42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein said lenslet array is configured such that it is capable of providing resolution for at least fifth order aberrations.

43. Apparatus for use in detecting wave aberrations of a living eye and for fabricating a lens to correct said aberrations, the apparatus comprising:

means for generating a reflected point source image of a retina of said living eye;

means for receiving said reflected point source image and for converting said reflected point source image to corresponding digital signals;

a digital data processor for (i) calculating the wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals, and (ii) producing a control signal representing the calculated wave aberrations; and

means connected to receive the control signal from said digital data processor for fabricating said lens to correct said wave aberrations.

44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

45. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

46. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said means for fabricating said lens comprises at least one of a contact and intraocular lens fabrication system.

47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said at least one of a contact and intraocular lens fabrication system comprises a system for customizing an optical element.

48. The apparatus of claim 47, where said system for customizing an optical element customizes a lens.

49. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said means for generating comprises a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina.

50. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein said lenslet array is configured such that it is capable of providing resolution for at least fifth order aberrations.

51. Apparatus for use in performing surgery on the living eye, said apparatus comprising:

means for generating a reflected point source image of said retina of said living eye;

an optical device for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina and for converting said reflected point source image to corresponding digital signals;

a digital data processor for receiving said corresponding digital signals for calculating wave aberrations of the eye using said digital signals and for generating a correction signal representative of said calculated wave aberrations;

a compensating optical device for reflecting an image of said retina and for receiving said correction signal, said compensating optical device being adjusted using said correction signal such that wavefront correction for said calculated wave aberrations is provided for said living eye; and

means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations from said digital data processor for performing surgery of said living eye.

52. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein said means connected for receiving the wave aberrations comprises a laser for performing refractive surgery of the living eye.

53. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

54. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

55. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye.

56. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

57. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein said means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations comprises a laser for performing photoablative surgery of said living eye.

58. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

59. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

60. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

61. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein said means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations comprises a laser for performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

62. The apparatus of claim 61, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

63. The apparatus of claim 61, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

64. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

65. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

66. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

67. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

68. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

69. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein said digital data processor performs a feedback loop of (i) calculating the wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals, and (ii) produces said correction signal for controlling said compensating optical device to correct for the calculated wave aberrations until the calculated wave aberrations are reduced to an asymptotic level.

70. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein said optical system comprises a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array.

71. Apparatus for use in detecting wave aberrations of a living eye and for fabricating a lens to correct said wave aberrations, said apparatus comprising:

an optical system, comprising a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array, for receiving a reflected point source image of said retina and for creating an image of the retinal point source;

a camera located adjacent to said lenslet array for viewing said image of the retinal point source formed on each of said plurality of lenslets of said lenslet array to form output signals; and

a digital data processor connected to receive said output signals from said camera, said digital data processor further (i) calculating said wave aberrations of the eye, using said output signals, and (ii) producing a control signal representing the calculated wave aberrations; and

means connected to receive the control signal from said digital data processor for fabricating said lens.

72. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order aberrations.

73. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order aberrations.

74. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein said means connected to receive the control signal comprises at least one of a contact and intraocular lens fabrication system for customizing an optical element.

75. The apparatus of claim 74, where said system for customizing an optical element customizes a lens.

76. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

77. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein said means for generating comprises a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina.

78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein said lenslet array is configured such that it is capable of providing resolution for at least fifth order aberrations.

79. Apparatus for generating high resolution images of the retina of the living eye, said apparatus comprising:

means for generating a reflected point source image of said retina of said living eye;

an optical device for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina and for converting said reflected point source image to corresponding digital signals;

a digital data processor for receiving said corresponding digital signals for calculating wave aberrations of the eye using said digital signals and for generating a correction signal representative of said calculated wave aberrations;

a compensating optical device for reflecting an image of said retina and for receiving said correction signal, said compensating optical device being adjusted using said correction signal such that wavefront correction for said calculated wave aberrations is provided for said living eye; and

means for receiving said reflected image of said retina from said compensating optical device after said compensating optical device has corrected said image of said retina for said calculated wave aberrations.

80. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

81. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

82. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein said digital data processor performs a feedback loop of (i) calculating the wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals, and (ii) produces said correction signal for controlling said compensating optical device to correct for the calculated wave aberrations until the calculated wave aberrations are reduced to an asymptotic level.

83. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein said optical device comprises a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array.

84. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein said compensating optical device is one of a deformable mirror, liquid crystal device, micro-machined mirror and bimorph mirror.

85. An optical instrument for performing refractions of the living eye, comprising:

means for generating a reflected point source image of the retina of said living eye;

means for receiving said reflected point source image and for converting said point source image to corresponding digital signals;

a digital data processor for calculating wave aberrations of the eye so as to include at least fifth order modes, using said digital signals; and

means connected to receive the calculated wave aberrations from said digital data processor for performing refraction of said living eye.

86. A method for performing laser surgery on the living eye to correct for aberrations of the living eye, comprising:

generating a reflected point source image of the retina of said living eye;

receiving said reflected point source image and converting said point source image to corresponding digital signals;

calculating wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals; and

receiving the calculated wave aberrations for performing laser surgery of said living eye.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein said step of performing laser surgery comprises performing laser refractive surgery of the living eye.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

89. The method of claim 87, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

90. The method of claim 87, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye.

91. The method of claim 87, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

92. The method of claim 86, wherein said step of performing laser surgery comprises performing laser photoablative surgery of said living eye.

93. The method of claim 92, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

94. The method of claim 92, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

95. The method of claim 92, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

96. The method of claim 92, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

97. The method of claim 86, wherein said step of performing laser surgery comprises performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

98. The method of claim 97, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

99. The method of claim 97, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

100. The method of claim 86, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

101. The method of claim 86, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

102. The method of claim 86, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

103. The method of claim 86, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

104. A method for performing surgery on a living eye, said method comprising the steps of:

providing a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving a reflected point source of the retina of said living eye and for creating an image of the retinal point source;

locating a camera adjacent to said lenslet array for viewing said image of said retinal point source formed on each of said plurality of lenslets of said lenslet array;

receiving output signals from said camera and converting said output signals to digital signals representative of said retinal point source images, and further calculating wave aberrations of said eye using said representative digital signals; and

connecting surgical equipment to receive said calculated wave aberrations for use in performing surgery on said living eye.

105. The method of claim 104, wherein said step of performing surgery on said living eye comprises performing laser refractive surgery.

106. The method of claim 105, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

107. The method of claim 105, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

108. The method of claim 105, wherein the surgery comprises refractive surgery on a cornea of the living eye.

109. The method of claim 105, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

110. The method of claim 104, wherein said step of performing surgery on said living eye comprises performing laser photoablative surgery on said living eye.

111. The method of claim 110, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

112. The method of claim 110, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

113. The method of claim 110, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

114. The method of claim 104, wherein said step of performing surgery on said living eye comprises performing laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on said living eye.

115. The method of claim 114, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

116. The method of claim 114, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

117. The method of claim 114, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

118. The method of claim 104, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

119. The method of claim 104, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

120. The method of claim 104, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

121. A method for fabricating contact or intraocular lenses for correcting for wave aberrations of the living eye, comprising:

generating a reflected point source image of a retina of said living eye;

receiving said reflected point source image and converting said point source image to corresponding digital signals;

calculating wave aberrations of the eye using said digital signals; and

connecting at least one of a contact and intraocular lens fabrication system to receive the calculated wave aberrations for fabricating at least one contact and intraocular lens to provide wavefront compensation for wave aberrations of said living eye.

122. The method of claim 121, wherein said at least one of a contact and intraocular lens fabrication system comprises a system for customizing an optical element.

123. The method of claim 122, where said system for customizing an optical element customizes a lens.

124. The method of claim 121, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

125. The method of claim 124, wherein said lenslet array is configured such that it is capable of providing resolution for at least fifth order aberrations.

126. The method of claim 121, wherein said step of generating comprises using a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina.

127. A method for detecting wave aberrations of a living eye and for fabricating a lens to correct said aberrations, comprising the steps of:

generating a reflected point source image of a retina of said living eye;

receiving said reflected point source image and converting said reflected point source image to corresponding digital signals;

(i) calculating the wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals, and (ii) producing a control signal representing the calculated wave aberrations; and

receiving the control signal for fabricating said lens to correct for said wave aberrations.

128. The method of claim 127, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

129. The method of claim 127, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

130. The method of claim 127, wherein said step of fabricating said lens comprises fabricating at least one of a contact lens and intraocular lens.

131. The method of claim 130, wherein said step of fabricating said at least one of a contact lens and intraocular lens comprises customizing an optical element.

132. The method of claim 131, where said step of customizing an optical element comprises customizing a lens.

133. The method of claim 127, wherein said step of generating comprises providing a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein said lenslet array is configured such that it is capable of providing resolution for at least fifth order aberrations.

135. A method for performing surgery on the living eye, said method comprising:

generating a reflected point source image of said retina of said living eye;

receiving said reflected point source image of said retina and converting said reflected point source image to corresponding digital signals;

receiving said corresponding digital signals for calculating wave aberrations of the eye using said digital signals and generating a correction signal representative of said calculated wave aberrations;

providing a compensating optical device for reflecting an image of said retina and for receiving said correction signal, and adjusting said compensating optical device using said correction signal such that wavefront correction for said calculated wave aberrations is provided for said living eye; and

receiving the calculated wave aberrations for performing surgery of said living eye.

136. The method of claim 135, wherein said method is used for performing laser refractive surgery of the living eye.

137. The method of claim 136, wherein said step of receiving the calculated wave aberrations comprises performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

138. The method of claim 136, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

139. The method of claim 136, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye.

140. The method of claim 136, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on a cornea of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

141. The method of claim 135, wherein said step of receiving the calculated wave aberrations comprises performing laser photoablative surgery of said living eye.

142. The method of claim 141, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

143. The method of claim 141, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

144. The method of claim 141, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

145. The method of claim 141, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

146. The method of claim 135, wherein said step of receiving the calculated wave aberrations comprises performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

147. The method of claim 146, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

148. The method of claim 146, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

149. The method of claim 146, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye.

150. The method of claim 146, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea and a retina of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

151. The method of claim 135, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

152. The method of claim 135, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

154. The method of claim 135, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye and the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

155. The method of claim 135, wherein said step of performing a feedback loop comprises (i) calculating the wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals, and (ii) producing said correction signal for controlling said compensating optical device to correct for the calculated wave aberrations until the calculated wave aberrations are reduced to an asymptotic level.

156. The method of claim 135, wherein said optical system comprises a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array.

153. The method of 135, wherein the surgery comprises surgery on at least one of a cornea, a lens, a retina, a layer behind the retina and a ciliary body of the living eye.

157. A method for detecting wave aberrations of a living eye and fabricating a lens to correct said wave aberrations, said method comprising:

providing an optical system, comprising a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array, for receiving a reflected point source image of said retina and for creating an image of the retinal point source;

locating a camera adjacent to said lenslet array for viewing said image of the retinal point source formed on each of said plurality of lenslets of said lenslet array to form output signals; and

receiving said output signals from said camera, and (i) calculating said wave aberrations of the eye, using said output signals, and (ii) producing a control signal representing the calculated wave aberrations; and

receiving the control signal for fabricating said lens.

158. The method of claim 157, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order aberrations.

159. The method of claim 157, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order aberrations.

160. The method of claim 157, wherein said at least one of a contact and intraocular lens fabrication system receives said control signal for customizing an optical element.

161. The method of claim 160, where said step of customizing an optical element customizes a lens.

162. The method of claim 157, wherein said lenslet array is configured such that it is capable of providing resolution for at least fifth order aberrations.

163. A method for generating high resolution images of the retina of the living eye, said method comprising:

generating a reflected point source image of said retina of said living eye;

receiving said reflected point source image of said retina and for converting said reflected point source image to corresponding digital signals;

receiving said corresponding digital signals for calculating wave aberrations of the eye using said digital signals and generating a correction signal representative of said calculated wave aberrations;

providing a compensating optical device for reflecting an image of said retina and for receiving said correction signal, said compensating optical device being adjusted using said correction signal such that wavefront correction for said calculated wave aberrations is provided for said living eye; and

receiving said reflected image of said retina from said compensating optical device after said compensating optical device has corrected said image of said retina for said calculated wave aberrations.

164. The method of claim 163, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least third order wave aberrations.

165. The method of claim 163, wherein the calculated wave aberrations comprise at least fifth order wave aberrations.

166. The method of claim 163, further performing a feedback loop of (i) calculating the wave aberrations of the eye, using said digital signals, and (ii) producing said correction signal for controlling said compensating optical device to correct for the calculated wave aberrations until the calculated wave aberrations are reduced to an asymptotic level.

167. The method of claim 163, wherein said step of generating comprises providing a plurality of lenslets which form a lenslet array for receiving said reflected point source image of said retina.

168. A method for performing refractions of the living eye, comprising:

generating a reflected point source image of the retina of said living eye;

receiving said reflected point source image and converting said point source image to corresponding digital signals;

calculating wave aberrations of the eye so as to include at least fifth order modes, using said digital signals; and

receiving the calculated wave aberrations from said digital data processor for performing refraction of said living eye.