Method and apparatus for performing optical measurements using a fiber optic imaging guidewire, catheter or endoscope

• US 6,134,003 A
• Filed: 02/27/1996
• Issued: 10/17/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 04/29/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: The General Hospital Corporation (Mass General Brigham, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Boppart, Stephen A., Bouma, Brett E., Fujimoto, James G., Tearney, Guillermo, Swanson, Eric A., Brezinski, Mark
• Primary Examiner(s): Kim, Robert H.
• Application Number:
  US08/607,787
• Time in Patent Office: 1,694 Days
• Field of Search: 356/345, 356/349, 356/351
• US Class Current: 356/479
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00096 Optical elements
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00172 with means for scanning
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00183 for variable viewing angles
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/0242 for varying or adjusting the optical path length in the tissue
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/1005 for measuring distances inside the eye, e.g. thickness of the cornea A61B3/11 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/102 for optical coherence tomography [OCT]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0064 Body surface scanning
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0066 Optical coherence imaging
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0075 by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy A61B5/0071 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0084 for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters A61B5/1459 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/445 Evaluating skin irritation or skin trauma, e.g. rash, eczema, wound, bed sore
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6852 Catheters
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 15/00 Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/00 Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/026 by measuring distance between sensor and object G01B11/0608 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/12 internal diameters
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/2441 using interferometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 2290/65 Spatial scanning object beam
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 2290/70 Using polarization in the interferometer
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02002 using two or more frequencies
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02004 : using frequency scans
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02007 : Two or more frequencies or sources used for interferometric measurement using only beat G01B9/02003
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/0201 : using temporal phase variation
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/0205 : of probe head
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02091 : Tomographic interferometers, e.g. based on optical coherence
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 1/00 : Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter spectrophotometry G01J3/00; specially adapted for radiation pyrometry G01J5/00 ; exposure meters built in cameras G03B17/06
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/4795 : spatially resolved investigating of object in scattering medium in vivo A61B
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/1828 : having means for producing variable diffraction controlling the direction of light by means of one or more diffracting elements G02B26/0808; acousto-optical elements G02F1/11, G02F1/33; electro- or magneto-optical diffraction G02F1/292, G02F1/2955
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 2007/0013 : for carriers having multiple discrete layers
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 7/005 : Reproducing G11B7/0065 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 7/127 : Lasers; Multiple laser arrays lasers per se H01S
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 7/24 : Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the arrangement of information on the carrier G11B7/007
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/141 : using a wavelength selective device, e.g. a grating or etalon H01S5/146 takes precedence

Abstract

An imaging system for performing optical coherence tomography includes an optical radiation source; a reference optical reflector; a first optical path leading to the reference optical reflector; and a second optical path coupled to an endoscopic unit. The endoscopic unit preferably includes an elongated housing defining a bore; a rotatable single mode optical fiber having a proximal end and a distal end positioned within and extending the length of the bore of the elongated housing; and an optical system coupled to the distal end of the rotatable single mode optical fiber, positioned to transmit the optical radiation from the single mode optical fiber to the structure and to transmit reflected optical radiation from the structure to the single mode optical fiber. The system further includes a beam divider dividing the optical radiation from the optical radiation source along the first optical path to the reflector and along the second optical path; and a detector positioned to receive reflected optical radiation from the reflector transmitted along the first optical path and reflected optical radiation transmitted from the structure along the second optical path. The detector generates a signal in response to the reflected optical radiation from the reference reflector and the reflected optical radiation from the structure, and a processor generating a image of the structure in response to the signal from the detector. The system provides both rotational and longitudinal scanning of an image.

Claims

1. An optical system for producing an image of an internal channel in situ, said optical system comprising:

a short coherence length light source;

a detector;

an interferometer in optical communication with said light source and said detector, said interferometer comprising an adjustable optical delay device; and

an endoscopic probe in optical communication with said interferometer,

said detector detecting light altered by said internal channel in situ in response to said adjustable delay element to form an image of said internal channel in situ.

2. The optical scanning system of claim 1 wherein said endoscopic probe is an endoscope.

3. The optical scanning, system of claim 1 wherein said endoscopic probe is a catheter.

4. An optical system comprising;

a short coherence length light source;

a detector;

an interferometer in optical communication with said light source and said detector, said interferometer comprising an adjustable optical delay device; and

an optical probe in optical communication with said interferometer, said optical probe positioned to collect light altered by a sample in situ,

said detector generating an image of said sample in response to said light altered by said sample in situ in response to changes in said adjustable optical delay device.

5. An optical system comprising:

a short coherence length light source producing broad band light;

a detector;

an interferometer in optical communication with said light source and in optical communication with said detector; and

an optical probe in optical communication with said interferometer and positioned to receive broad band light altered by a sample in situ,

said detector producing an image of said sample in situ in response to the spectral characteristics of said broad band light altered by said sample in situ.

6. The optical scanning system of claim 5 wherein said detector spatially disperses broad band light altered by said sample in situ and photodetects said spatially dispersed light.

7. An apparatus for performing imaging of a structure in situ comprising:

an optical radiation source;

a detector;

a processor in electrical communication with said detector;

an optical probe unit comprising;

an elongated housing defining a channel and having at least a portion which is at least partially transparent to light from said optical radiation source; and

a beam director located within said housing and positioned to direct light to and from said structure in situ through said at least partially transparent portion;

an interferometer optically coupled to said radiation source, said optical probe unit, and said detector;

said detector generating a signal in response to radiation altered by said structure in situ; and

said processor generating an image of said structure in situ in response to said signal from said detector.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said interferometer further comprises an adjustable optical delay in optical communication with said interferometer.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said detector comprises an optically dispersive element and an optical detector, and said processor produces images of said structure in situ in response to spectral signals from said detector.

10. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a Faraday Circulator positioned to direct radiation to said detector.

11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said optical probe unit further comprises a rotating optical system to scan said structure in situ through said at least partially transparent housing.

12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said elongated housing comprises a guidewire.

13. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said optical probe unit further comprises an inflatable element affixed to said elongated housing.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said inflatable element is adjacent said at least partially transparent portion and said beam director directs light through said inflatable element.

15. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said elongated housing is an endoscope.

16. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said elongated housing is a catheter.