Method and apparatus for determining source location of energy carried in the form of propagating waves through a conducting medium

• US 6,138,512 A
• Filed: 07/29/1998
• Issued: 10/31/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 07/30/1997
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University)
• Original Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University)
• Inventors: Roberts, Ronald A., Rewerts, Lance E., Clark, Mary Amanda
• Primary Examiner(s): MOLLER, RICHARD ALAN
• Application Number:
  US09/124,537
• Time in Patent Office: 825 Days
• Field of Search: 73/570, 73/579, 73/584, 73/592, 73/DIG. 1, 73/40, 73/40.5 A, 73/49.1
• US Class Current: 73/570
• CPC Class Codes: G01M 3/243 for pipes
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 11/14 using ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 1/001 Acoustic presence detection

Abstract

A method and apparatus for determining source location for acoustic or other waveform energy in a conducting medium. The method includes simultaneously detecting and transducing the source energy at a plurality of points in the medium into a composite signal representative of the source energy, as sensed at each point. Dispersional modes of propagation of the energy, if more than one, are isolated from each other, preferably by Fourier transform spatially and temporally. Generalized cross correlation is performed on selected isolated modes, resulting in identification of a value from which source location can be located. The apparatus can include an array of spaced apart transducers which are configured to be minimally interfering with source energy propagation through the medium. An multi-channel data acquisition device, including A/D converters for each transducer, captures and digitizes the output of each transducer simultaneously. A digital signal processor operatively associated with the data acquisition device is used to isolate the dispersional modes of the transduced energy and to derive source location with generalized cross correlation techniques.

Claims

1. A method of determining source location of energy carried in the form of propagating waves through a conducting medium comprising:

a) detecting the waveform energy simultaneously at a plurality of points on, near, or in the conducting medium;

b) recording the detected energy;

c) isolating one or more modes of propagation of the energy through the medium;

d) deriving source location by using generalized cross correlation of selected isolated modes of propagation.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the waveform is acoustic energy.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the waveform is electromagnetic energy.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising first creating a controlled waveform energy in the conducting medium, following steps (a) through (c) of claim 1 to precisely determine the modes of propagation of the conducting medium and thereafter, following steps (a) through (d) to detect and locate a source of energy propagated through the medium.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of detecting comprises transducing the energy into an analog signal representative of the energy.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the energy is acoustic energy transduced by acoustic transducers.

7. The method of claim 5 wherein the energy is acoustic energy transduced by light, holographic, or interferimetric acquisitions.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the conducting medium is at least one of a solid and a fluid.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the solid is a pipe.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the pipe holds a fluid.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the pipe is partially bounded or surrounded by a material that will propagate energy in a wave form.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected modes of propagation are the strongest modes.

13. The method of claim 8 wherein the solid is a plate.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein generalized correlation assumes dispersion through the medium.

15. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of recording comprising converting the analog signal to a digital representation of the analog signal and storing the digital representation in a recordable digital media.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of isolating comprises separating discrete dispersion modes of propagation from the detected energy.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of isolating comprises resolving different dispersion modes of propagation from the detected energy.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein resolution is a function of the number of detection points.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein the aperture of view of the energy is a function of the spacing between said points.

20. The method of claim 17 wherein the resolving is accomplished by plotting the energy in a spatial/temporal plane.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein the plotting produces one or more curves in the spatial temporal plane.

22. The method of claim 20 wherein the step of isolating utilizes Fourier transforms of the detected energy spatially and temporally.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein the Fourier transforming is fast Fourier transforming (FFT).

24. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of deriving comprises performing generalized cross correlation on isolated dispersion curves.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein the generalized cross correlation is performed relative to one or more of (a) the same curve for measurement at two different locations on the medium, (b) different curves for measurement at the same location on the medium, and (c) different curves for measurement at different locations on the medium.

26. The method of claim 24 wherein spacing and number of transducers is dependent on discrete sampling theories.

27. The method of claim 24 further comprising:

a) comparing data points on two dispersion curves at the same temporal frequency;

b) multiplying a data point on one curve by the complex conjugate of a data point of the other curve;

c) repeating step b) over a band of frequencies to produce an array of products;

d) multiplying the array of products by a phase factor determined from dispersion curves;

e) adding the array of products;

f) adjusting the phase factor to maximize the sum of products to create a function maximum;

g) finding the function maximum for the array of products;

h) deriving the source location from the function maximum.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the step of source location comprises solving the equation ##EQU7## for incremental values of z.

29. The method of claim 1 wherein the medium is a dispersive medium.

30. The method of claim 1 wherein the medium is a highly dispersive medium.

31. The method of claim 25 wherein precise a priori knowledge of energy dispertion characteristics is required related to the area of the medium at which the energy is detected.

32. The method of claim 25 wherein general a priori knowledge of energy dispertion characteristics is required related to the area of the medium away from where the energy is detected.

33. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of measured points is in the approximate range of 30 to 1000.

34. The method of claim 1 further comprising displaying the cross-correlation to find the source location.

35. The method of claim 1 wherein the source is a continuous or transient leak.

36. The method of claim 1 wherein the source is a crack initiation in a medium.

37. The method of claim 1 wherein the source is artificially produced energy.

38. The method of claim 1 wherein spacing between points is determined by size of the medium and the fluid material carried by or contained in the medium.

39. The method of claim 1 wherein the detecting is conducted while minimizing any point of contact between any transducer and the medium.

40. The method of claim 1 further comprising transducing while minimizing or avoiding any interference from transducing with the propagation of the energy in the medium.

41. A method for isolating propagation modes of a wave-form energy propagating through a dispersive conductive medium in a relatively high ambient noise environment comprising:

a) generating artificially a controlled wave-form energy in the conductive medium;

b) transducing simultaneously the controlled wave-form energy at a plurality of discrete measurement points along the conductive medium to produce a multi-modal signal;

c) spatially and temporally Fourier transforming the multi-modal signal into spatial and temporal domains;

d) displaying mode curves from the Fourier transformation in a spatial/temporal frequency plane;

e) recording the precise locations of each mode curve in the spatial/temporal frequency plane;

f) monitoring for other wave-form energy in the conducting medium;

g) detecting said other wave-form energy at a plurality of discrete measurement points along the conductive medium to produce a multi-modal signal;

h) spatially and temporally Fourier transforming the multi-modal signal into spatial and temporal domains.

42. The method of claim 41 wherein the spacing of the measurement points is experimentally determined to maximize resolution of each propagation mode in the spatial/temporal frequency plane.

43. The method of claim 42 further comprising applying generalized cross-correlation to at least two propagation modes in the spatial/temporal frequency plane.

44. The method of claim 43 further comprising deriving source location of the energy in the medium from the generalized cross-correlation.