Dynamic filter structures

• US 6,144,512 A
• Filed: 02/21/1984
• Issued: 11/07/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 02/21/1984
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Hanger Solutions, LLC (IP Investments Group LLC)
• Original Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Inventors: Eden, Dayton D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Moskowitz, Nelson
• Application Number:
  US06/581,775
• Time in Patent Office: 6,104 Days
• Field of Search: 332/7.51, 350/322, 350/319, 350/311, 350/385, 350/1.1, 350/1.7, 372/99, 372/106, 455/616, 359/350, 359/572, 359/584, 359/885
• US Class Current: 359/885
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/204 in which spectral selection is performed by means of a conductive grid or array, e.g. frequency selective surfaces for use with wavelengths longer than the infrared light H01Q15/0006
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/3058 comprising electrically conductive elements, e.g. wire grids, conductive particles
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/0136 for the control of polarisation, e.g. state of polarisation [SOP] control, polarisation scrambling, TE-TM mode conversion or separation G02F1/0353 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/0147 based on thermo-optic effects G02F1/132 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/292 by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering controlled diffraction for optical switching G02F1/31
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2202/02 organic material
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2202/10 semiconductor
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2202/30 Metamaterials
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2203/055 wavelength filtering
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2203/52 Optical limiters

Abstract

An electromagnetic wave interactive structure is provided for forming a transmitted electromagnetic wave response which is a function of the frequency of the incident wave. A phase transition material selected from the transition-metal oxides, dynamic nonlinear materials, the rare earth monochalcogenides and the organometallics is provided in geometric relationship with a fixed metallic structure. The phase transition material is then switched between a dielectric phase and a metallic phase to alter the response of the composite structure. Thus, an inductive mesh may be switched to a reflective surface (FIG. 8); an inductive band-pass changed to a reflective surface (FIG. 9); a capacitive band-stop response to an inductive band-pass response (FIG. 10); a capacitive band-stop response changed to a reflective surface (FIG. 11); a capacitive mesh response to an inductive band-pass response (FIG. 12); and a capacitive band-stop response switched to an inductive mesh response (FIG. 13). The ability to switch the response characteristics of an electromagnetic wave interactive structure provides useful applications in such devices as optical hardening systems, agile aperture devices and polarizing devices using bi-refringent structures.

Claims

1. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure, comprising:

a first material providing a first response from incident electromagnetic waves;

a second material having a first phase providing said first response from said incident electromagnetic waves and a second phase providing a second response from said incident electromagnetic waves; and

said first material and said second material forming a geometric grid switchable mesh filter structure effective to provide first mesh filter and reflectance characteristics relative to incident electromagnetic waves of a given frequency when said second material is in said first phase and second mesh filter and reflectance characteristics relative to incident electromagnetic waves of said given frequency when said second material is in said second phase, said geometric grid switchable mesh filter structure comprising means resonating with said incident electromagnetic waves of said given frequency in at least one of said first and second phases.

2. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 1, wherein said second material is selected from a group consisting of transition-metal oxides, dynamic non-linear materials, rare earth monochalcogenides and organometallics having a reversible transition between a high reflectance response and a high transmission response from said incident electromagnetic waves.

3. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 2, wherein said second filter characteristic is complementary to said first filter characteristic.

4. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 2, wherein said first filter characteristic is defined by a mesh having said first response and said second filter characteristic is defined by a cruciform having said first response.

5. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 2, wherein said first filter characteristic is a bandwidth response and said second filter characteristic is a uniform response.

6. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 1, wherein said first response is a first phase angle of a transmitted portion of said electromagnetic waves functionally related to the frequency of said incident electromagnetic waves and said second response is a substantially constant second phase angle of said transmitted waves independent of said frequency of said incident waves.

7. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 6, wherein a first said geometric structure is effective to define a first phase angle change between said first phase angle and said second phase angle.

8. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 7, further including means for selectively switching said second material from said first phase to said second phase at discrete locations within said geometric structure.

9. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 8, further including:

a plurality of said geometric structures in parallel planar relationship;

each of said geometric structures defining a phase angle change which is twice the phase angle change of an immediately preceding one of said geometric structures relative to incident electromagnetic waves; and

said switching means connected with each of said geometric structures to define a plurality of discrete phase angle changes for converting a binary switching signal to a related phase angle change.

10. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 1, wherein said first filter characteristic is a band-pass response and said second filter characteristic is substantially reflective.

11. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 10, wherein said first material is a metal and said geometric structure includes a plane of said metal defining cruciform shapes containing said second material.

12. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 11, wherein said incident electromagnetic waves transmitted by said band-pass response are effective to cause said second material to transition from said first phase to said second phase at a preselected minimum intensity of said incident waves.

13. An electromagnetic wave interactive structure according to claim 1, wherein said first filter characteristic is a bandwidth response having a first bandwidth center frequency for said incident electromagnetic waves with a first polarization and a second bandwidth center frequency for said incident electromagnetic waves with a second polarization.

14. A thin film switchable grid for affecting incident electromagnetic waves, comprising:

a conductive grid in a first filter configuration; and

a phase transition material at locations spanning between selected portions of said conductive grid, and switchable between first and second phases, said conductive grid and phase transition material comprising a switchable geometric mesh filter structure for providing first mesh filter and reflectance characteristics relative to incident electromagnetic waves of a given frequency range when said phase transition material is in its first phase and second mesh filter and reflectance characteristics relative to incident electromagnetic waves of said given frequency range when said phase transition material is in its second phase, said switchable geometric mesh filter structure comprising means for resonating with incident electromagnetic waves of said given frequency range when said phase transition material is in at least one of said first and second phases.

15. A switchable grid according to claim 14, wherein:

said phase transition material is selected from a group consisting of transition metal oxides, dynamic non-linear materials, rare earth monochalcogenides and organometallics having a reversible transition between a dielectric first phase and a conductive second phase.

16. A switchable mesh according to claim 14 or 15, wherein:

said conductive grid in said first configuration and said spanning phase transition material obtain a switchable filter response from said electromagnetic waves functionally determined by said first and second phases of said phase transition material.

17. A switchable grid according to claim 16, wherein said switchable mesh filter response is from an inductive mesh to a reflective surface.

18. A switchable grid according to claim 16, wherein said switchable mesh filter response is from an inductive band-pass to a reflective surface.

19. A switchable grid according to claim 16, wherein said switchable mesh filter response is from a capacitive band-stop to an inductive band-pass.

20. A switchable grid according to claim 16, wherein said switchable mesh filter response is from a capacitive band-stop to a reflective surface.

21. A switchable grid according to claim 16, wherein said switchable mesh filter response is from a capacitive mesh to an inductive band-pass.

22. A switchable grid according to claim 16, wherein said switchable mesh filter response is from a capacitive band-stop to an inductive mesh.

23. A switchable grid according to claim 15, wherein:

said first filter configuration obtains a band-stop response with said phase transition material in said first phase having a center band frequency effective to produce a first predetermined phase angle in a transmitted portion of said electromagnetic wave at a selected operating frequency;

an inductive mesh response with said phase transition material in said second phase to produce a second phase angle in said transmitted portion of said electromagnetic wave at said selected operating frequency; and

said band-stop response and said inductive mesh response having generally the same wave amplitude transmission response at said operating frequency.

24. A switchable grid according to claim 23, further including means for selectively switching from said first phase to said second phase at at least one of said locations having said phase transition material spanning between said selected portions of said conductive grid.

25. A switchable grid according to claim 18, wherein said electromagnetic waves transmitted by said band-pass response are effective to cause said phase transition material to transition from said first phase to said second phase at a preselected minimum intensity of said incident waves.

27. In an agile beam aperture system, a phased array sensor, comprising:

a plurality of switchable grids according to claim 24 arranged in parallel planar relationship;

each of said first filter configurations defining a change from said first phase angle to said second phase angle which is a preselected multiple of said change in an immediately preceding one of said switchable grids relative to incident electromagnetic waves; and

said plurality of grids forming a plurality of discrete phase angle changes selected by said switching means to scan a selected area.

28. A phased array sensor according to claim 27, wherein said preselected multiple is two.

29. In an optical hardening system for protecting an optical sensing device, a switchable focal plane element comprising:

a thin-film switchable grid according to claim 16.

26. A bi-refringent structure, comprising:

a main element having a vertical and a horizontal cross member; and

a phase transition element for varying the effective length of at least one of said cross members for selectively affecting polarized electromagnetic waves and switchable between first and second phases, said main element and phase transition element comprising a switchable geometric mesh filter structure for providing first mesh filter and reflectance characteristics relative to incident electromagnetic waves of a given frequency range when said phase transition element is in its first phase and second mesh filter and reflectance characteristics relative to incident electromagnetic waves of said given frequency range when said phase transition element is in its second phase, said switchable geometric mesh filter structure comprising means resonating with incident electromagnetic waves of said given frequency range when said phase transition material is in at least one of said phases.