Apparatus and method for converting an optical image of an object into a digital representation

• US 6,163,339 A
• Filed: 04/26/1996
• Issued: 12/19/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 06/17/1993
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Jean-Francois Meunier
• Original Assignee: Jean-Francois Meunier
• Inventors: Meunier, Jean-Francois
• Primary Examiner(s): Faile, Andrew
• Assistant Examiner(s): Harrington, Alicia M.
• Application Number:
  US08/596,290
• Time in Patent Office: 1,698 Days
• Field of Search: 348/218, 250/208.1
• US Class Current: 348/218.1
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/41 Extracting pixel data from a plurality of image sensors simultaneously picking up an image, e.g. for increasing the field of view by combining the outputs of a plurality of sensors
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/32 Transforming X-rays cameras or camera modules for generating image signals from X-rays H04N23/30; circuitry of SSIS for transforming X-rays into image signals H04N25/30

Abstract

An electronic apparatus for converting a visible image of an object into a digital representation of this visible image is described. The apparatus comprises a cartridge having a first portion through which light emitted from a visible image of an object enters into the cartridge, which comprises an array of focusing elements, each of which having a field of vision intersecting a given area of the visible image. Adjacent ones of these focusing elements have fields of vision intersecting common portions of the visible image, whereby substantially the entirety of the visible image is covered by combined fields of vision of focusing elements. The cartridge further compised an array of optical sensors arrays, each wich is optically associated with a respective one of the focusing elements. These optical sensors arrays produce groups of analog pixel signals representing partial images associated with corresponding areas of the visible image. The apparatus further comprises a controller interface and a computer controller for converting groups of digital pixel signals into composite digital pixel signals associated with the respective points of the visible image, thereby forming a composite digital representation of the visible image.

Claims

1. A method applicable in an apparatus for converting an optical image of an object in a first plane into a digital representation of said optical image, said apparatus comprising a two-dimensional array of focusing elements lying in a second plane spaced from said first plane in a parallel relationship, wherein each of said focusing elements has a field of vision intersecting an area of said optical image, and wherein adjacent ones of said focusing elements have fields of vision intersecting mutually overlapping areas of said optical image, whereby substantially the entirety of said optical image is covered by combined fields of vision of said focusing elements;

said apparatus further comprising a two-dimensional array of optical sensors arrays mounted on a board provided in said apparatus, said array of optical sensors arrays lying in a third plane spaced from said array of focusing elements in a parallel relationship and in opposite side thereof with respect to said first plane, each of said optical sensors arrays being optically associated with a respective one of said focusing elements, whereby at least a portion of light emitted during an exposure time from an area of said optical image corresponding with one of said focusing elements and traversing therethrough is focused onto the associated optical sensors array so as to ensure that light emitted from substantially each point of said optical image is focused on at least one of said optical sensors, said apparatus comprising a computer memory;

said method comprising the steps of;

i) providing a converting table stored in said computer memory establishing for substantially each point of said optical image a spatial relationship between said at least one of said optical sensors upon which light emitted from said point is focused and a corresponding point of a composite digital representation of said optical image;

ii) producing from each of said optical sensors arrays a group of pixel analog signals representing a partial image associated with the corresponding area of said optical image;

iii) converting said group of analog pixel signals associated with each of said optical sensors arrays to a corresponding group of digital pixel signals for each of said optical sensors arrays;

iv) forming said composite digital representation of said optical image by using said table to convert said groups of digital pixel signals into composite digital pixel signals associated with respective points of said composite digital representation of said optical image; and

wherein said table is obtained from the following mathematical expressions;

##EQU61## in which;

V^k,l represents the initial coordinates (i,j,k,l) of any of said digital pixel signals designated as ##EQU62## wherein i and j are spatial coordinates of a corresponding one of said optical sensors, k and l are spatial coordinates of a corresponding one of said arrays of optical sensors;

V^F represents final coordinates (i^F,j^F) of any of said digital pixel signals ##EQU63## O(α

^k,l,β

) is a partial image rotation parameter which is function of a mean rotation angle α

^k,l for any of said arrays of optical sensors having spatial coordinates k and l and of a pixel ratio β

;

h_x and h_y are respectively physical dimensions of said optical sensors along X and Y axis of a cartesian coordinates system;

represents relative translation parameters ##EQU64## for any of said arrays of optical sensors having spatial coordinates (k,l);

V.sub.α

represents absolute translation parameters ##EQU65## for any of said arrays of optical sensors having spatial coordinates (k,l).

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said computer memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, said step iv) comprising:

a) summing value of each digital pixel signal produced by said at least one of said optical sensors to produce a summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image; and

b) multiplying said summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step iv) comprising selecting one of said at least one of said optical sensors associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image and using a corresponding one of said digital pixel signal to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said computer memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, said step iv) comprising multiplying said corresponding one of said digital pixel signal by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

5. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said computer memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, said computer memory further stores reference offset parameter values B_m,n each representing a value of one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n and produced while preventing external light from entering the cartridge first portion, said reference offset parameter value essentially representing dark current generated by said one of said at least one of said optical sensors in a current operating condition;

and wherein said step iv) further comprises the steps of;

a) subtracting from said corresponding one of said digital pixel signal said corresponding reference offset parameter value to produce a rectified value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation optical image; and

b) multiplying said rectified value by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

6. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said normalization parameter is defined by:

##EQU66## wherein;

N_m,n is said normalization parameter associated with a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n;

.sup.α

is the dynamic range of said analog to digital converter;

α

represents byte length in bits of said analog to digital converter;

W_m,n is a value of one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n and produced while said corresponding one of said at least one of said optical sensors operates at near saturation thereof by using a substantially uniform white reference optical image;

B_m,n is said reference offset parameter.

7. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said computer memory further stores a normalization parameter associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, wherein after said step ii) there is further provided the steps of:

a) preventing light from entering said cartridge first portion during a dark exposure time substantially equal to said exposure time;

b) producing from each of said optical sensors arrays a group of pixel analog signals representing a partial black image associated with the corresponding area of said optical image;

c) using said table to derive from said pixel analog signals offset parameter values B_m,n each representing a value of one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n, said reference offset parameter value essentially representing dark current generated by said one of said at least one of said optical sensors in a current operating condition;

.

d) incorporating into said computer memory said reference offset parameter values;

e) successively repeating said steps a) to d) while said apparatus is in an idle mode of operation, whereby said reference offset parameter values are continuously updated in said computer memory;

and wherein said step iv) further comprises the steps of;

f) subtracting from said corresponding one of said digital pixel signal said corresponding reference offset parameter value to produce a rectified value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image; and

g) multiplying said rectified value by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

8. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, wherein after said step i) there is further provided the steps of:

a) preventing light from entering said cartridge first portion during a dark exposure time substantially equal to said exposure time;

b) producing from each of said optical sensors arrays a group of pixel analog signals representing a partial black image associated with the corresponding area of said optical image;

c) using said table to derive from said pixel analog signals reference offset parameter values B_m,n each representing a value of one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n, said reference offset parameter value essentially representing dark current generated by said one of said at least one of said optical sensors in a current operating condition;

d) incorporating into said computer memory said offset parameter values;

and wherein said step iv) further comprises the steps of;

e) subtracting from said corresponding one of said digital pixel signal said corresponding reference offset parameter value to produce a rectified value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image; and

f) multiplying said rectified value by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

9. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, said memory further stores reference offset parameter values B_m,n representing a cumulative value of at least one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n and produced while preventing external light from entering the cartridge first portion, said reference offset parameter values essentially representing dark current generated by said at least one of said optical sensors in a current operating condition, wherein said step iv) comprises:

a) summing value of each digital pixel signal produced by said at least one of said optical sensors to produce a summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image;

b) subtracting from said summed value said corresponding reference offset parameter value to produce a rectified summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image; and

c) multiplying said rectified summed value by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

10. A method as claimed in claim 9 wherein said normalization parameter is defined by:

##EQU67## wherein;

N_m,n is said normalization parameter associated with a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n;

2.sup.α

is the dynamic range of said analog to digital converter;

α

represents byte length in bits of said analog to digital converter;

W_m,n is a cumulative value of at least one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n and produced while said corresponding at least one of said optical sensors operates at near saturation thereof by using a substantially uniform white reference optical image;

B_m,n is said reference offset parameter.

11. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, wherein after said step ii) there is further provided the steps of:

a) preventing light from entering said cartridge first portion during a dark exposure time substantially equal to said exposure time.

b) producing from each of said optical sensors arrays a group of pixel analog signals representing a partial black image associated with the corresponding area of said optical image;

c) using said table to obtain from said pixel analog signals reference offset parameter values B_m,n representing a cumulative value of at least one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n, said reference offset parameter values essentially representing dark current generated by said at least one of said optical sensors in a current operating condition;

d) incorporating into said computer memory said reference offset parameter values;

and wherein said step iv) comprises;

e) summing values of each digital pixel signal produced by said at least one of said optical sensors to produce a summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image;

f) rectifying said summed value by subtracting from value of each of said composite digital pixel signals said corresponding offset parameter value; and

g) multiplying said rectified summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

12. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said memory further stores normalization parameter values respectively for substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image, wherein after said step i) there is further provided the steps of:

a) preventing light from entering said cartridge first portion during a dark exposure time substantially equal to said exposure time;

b) producing from each of said optical sensors arrays a group of pixel analog signals representing a partial black image associated with the corresponding area of said optical image;

c) using said table to derive from said pixel analog signals offset parameter values B_m,n representing a cumulative value of at least one of said digital pixel signals corresponding to a point of said composite digital representation of said optical image identified by composite digital pixel signal coordinates m and n, said reference offset parameter values essentially representing dark current generated by said at least one of said optical sensors in a current operating condition;

d) incorporating into said computer memory said offset parameter values corresponding with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image;

e) successively repeating said steps a) to d) while said apparatus is in an idle mode of operation,

whereby said offset parameter values are continuously updated in said computer memory;

and wherein said step iv) comprises;

f) summing values of each digital pixel signal produced by said at least one of said optical sensors to produce a summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image;

g) rectifying said summed value by subtracting from values of each of said composite digital pixel signals said corresponding offset parameter value; and

h) multiplying said rectified summed value associated with substantially each point of said composite digital representation of said optical image by said corresponding normalization parameter value to produce said corresponding composite digital pixel signal.

13. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of said optical sensors arrays has its center being substantially aligned with a center of a corresponding one of said focusing elements, in a direction substantially normal to said second and third planes.

14. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said spatial relationship is determined using a calibration pattern.

15. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein said calibrating pattern is an array of figures, wherein each of said figures is aligned with a center of a respective one of said optical sensors arrays.