Cryogenic thermoelectric generator

• US 6,166,317 A
• Filed: 02/18/1999
• Issued: 12/26/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 02/18/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Joseph A. Volk Jr
• Original Assignee: Joseph A. Volk Jr
• Inventors: Volk, Joseph A. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): Gorgos, Kathryn
• Assistant Examiner(s): Parsons, Thomas H.
• Application Number:
  US09/252,458
• Time in Patent Office: 677 Days
• Field of Search: 136/200, 136/201, 136/205, 136/206, 136/210, 136/218, 136/224, 136/239, 136/242, 136/203, 62/3.2, 62/3.3
• US Class Current: 136/201
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 23/445 the fluid being a liquefied gas, e.g. in a cryogenic vessel
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/3011 Impedance
• CPC Class Codes: H10N 10/00 Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects integrated devices or assemblies of multiple devices H10N19/00
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Abstract

A cryogenic thermoelectric generator preferably includes a thermoelectric transducer and a cold source (i.e., anything having a below-ambient temperature) thermally coupled to the "cold side" of the transducer. The cold source preferably includes a vessel adapted for containing a cryogen (i.e., a substance having a temperature no greater than 0° C.). The vessel is operatively connected to the cold side of the thermoelectric transducer for thermally coupling a cryogen contained by the vessel to said cold side of the thermoelectric transducer, thereby inducing a temperature differential across the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric transducer when the vessel contains a cryogen. The thermoelectric transducer produces electric power in response to the temperature differential. The thermoelectric transducer is preferably a semiconductor device, the cryogen is preferably a substantially pure liquid such as liquid nitrogen or liquid hydrogen, and the vessel is preferably a Dewar vessel.

Claims

1. A device for generating electric power, the device comprising at least one thermoelectric transducer having a cold side and a hot side, and a heat source and a cold source both selectively thermally coupled to said hot side and to said cold side, said cold source selectively inducing a temperature differential between said cold and hot sides of the thermoelectric transducer when said hot side is at a temperature of at least ambient, the thermoelectric transducer producing electric power in response to the temperature differential.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein said cold source comprises a cryogen.

3. The device of claim 2 further comprising an intermediate medium thermally interfacing said cold source to said cold side.

4. The device of claim 2 wherein said cryogen is a substantially pure liquid.

5. The device of claim 4 wherein the substantially pure liquid is selected from the group consisting of liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid argon, liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid krupton and liquid methane.

6. The device of claim 1 wherein the heat source includes multiple controlled outputs for selectively providing heat to the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric transducer.

8. The device of claim 5 wherein the thermoelectric transducer is selected from the group consisting of semiconductor and superconductor devices.

9. The device of claim 6 wherein the thermoelectric transducer comprises a plurality of thermoelectric modules.

11. The device of claim 8 wherein the thermoelectric modules are electrically connected in parallel.

12. The device of claim 6 wherein said device comprises a plurality of thermoelectric transducers, each thermoelectric transducer comprises a plurality of thermoelectric modules, and the plurality of thermoelectric transducers are electrically connected to one another.

13. The device of claim 6 wherein the vessel is operatively connected to the thermoelectric transducer through an intermediate medium.

14. The device of claim 11 wherein said intermediate medium is selected from the group consisting of thermally conductive and semiconductive materials.

15. The device of claim 6 wherein said vessel is a Dewar vessel.

19. The system of claim 14 wherein the cold source comprises a cryogen.

20. The system of claim 15 wherein the thermoelectric transducer is silicon-based.

25. The method of claim 20 wherein the creating step includes thermally coupling a cold source to the cold side of said thermoelectric transducer.

7. A device for generating electric power, the device comprising at least one thermoelectric transducer having a hot side and a cold side, a vessel containing a cryogen, the vessel being operatively connected to the thermoelectric transducer for thermally coupling the cryogen contained by the vessel to said cold side, and a dispenser operatively connected to said vessel for controlling the amount of cryogen thermally coupled to said cold side, whereby a temperature differential is induced across the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric transducer and the thermoelectric transducer produces electric power in response to the induced temperature differential when the cryogen, is thermally coupled to said cold side and the hot side is at a temperature greater than zero degrees Celsius.

10. The device of claim 7 wherein the thermoelectric modules are thermally connected in series.

16. The device of claim 7 wherein the dispenser includes at least one capillary tube for selectively delivering said cryogen in droplet form to the cold side of said thermoelectric transducer.

17. The device of claim 16 further comprising a vented housing through which the cryogen is delivered in droplet form to the cold side of said thermoelectric transducer.

21. The system of claim 16 wherein the electrical device is an electric motor.

22. The system of claim 17 wherein the cryogen is selected from the group consisting of liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid argon, liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid krypton, liquid methane, and dry ice.

23. The system of claim 17 further comprising a heat source thermally coupled to the hot side of said thermoelectric transducer.

26. The method of claim 21 wherein the thermoelectric transducer comprises a semiconductor device.

27. The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of selecting a cryogen having a temperature between approximately 0 and 200°

K.

28. The method of claim 23 wherein the coupling step includes bringing the cryogen into direct contact with the cold side of said thermoelectric device.

30. The method of claim 23 wherein the coupling step includes thermally coupling the cryogen to the cold side of said thermoelectric device through an intermediate medium.

33. The device of claim 26 wherein the providing step includes thermally coupling said heat to the hot side of said thermoelectric transducer using a heat exchanger.

18. A system comprising at least one thermoelectric transducer having a hot side and a cold side, a cold source thermally coupled to the cold side of the thermoelectric transducer for inducing a temperature differential between said hot and cold sides, the thermoelectric transducer producing an electric current in response to said temperature differential, and an electrical device powered by said electric current, the hot side of the thermoelectric transducer being thermally coupled to heat produced by said electrical device.

24. A method for producing electric power with a thermoelectric transducer having at least a hot side and a cold side, the method comprising the step of:

creating a temperature differential across said thermoelectric transducer by inducing a below-ambient temperature at the cold side of said thermoelectric transducer via a cold source comprising a cryogen, wherein at least some of said cryogen boils off into a gas;

burning said gas to produce heat; and

providing said heat to the hot side of said thermoelectric device.

29. The method of claim 24 wherein the coupling step further includes controlling the amount of cryogen brought into direct contact with the cold side of said thermoelectric device.

31. The device of claim 24 wherein the burning step includes burning said gas to drive a motor.

32. The device of claim 31 wherein the motor is a hydrogen-burning motor and the cryogen is liquid hydrogen.

34. A device comprising:

at least one thermoelectric transducer having a hot side and a cold side;

a cryogen thermally coupled to the cold side of the thermoelectric transducer for inducing a temperature differential between the cold side and the hot side; and

an electric motor energized with electric power produced by the thermoelectric transducer in response to the temperature differential.

35. The device of claim 34 wherein the hot side of the thermoelectric transducer is thermally coupled to heat produced by the electric motor.

36. The device of claim 35 further comprising a coolant for thermally coupling the hot side to said heat.

37. The device of claim 36 further comprising a pump for circulating the coolant.

38. The device of claim 34 wherein the cryogen is a substantially pure liquid.

39. The device of claim 38 wherein the substantially pure liquid is selected from the group consisting of liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid argon, liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid krypton and liquid methane.

40. The device of claim 34 wherein the thermoelectric transducer includes output terminals to which the electric motor is connected for energizing the electric motor.

41. A method of producing electric power using a thermoelectric transducer having a hot side, and a cold side, the method comprising the steps of:

dispensing a cryogen from a vessel;

coupling the thermal energy of the dispensed cryogen to the cold side of the thermoelectric transducer to induce a temperature differential between the cold side and the hot side of the thermoelectric transducer, the thermoelectric transducer producing electric power in response to the temperature differential; and

controlling the amount of said thermal energy that is coupled to the cold side to thereby control the temperature differential and the amount of electric power produced by the thermoelectric transducer.