Staged prevaporizer-premixer

• US 6,174,160 B1
• Filed: 03/25/1999
• Issued: 01/16/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 03/25/1999
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Washington University In St Louis
• Original Assignee: University of Washington
• Inventors: Lee, John C. Y., Malte, Philip C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Price, Carl D.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Cocks, Josiah C.
• Application Number:
  US09/276,251
• Time in Patent Office: 663 Days
• Field of Search: 431/11, 431/2, 431/8, 431/161, 431/163, 431/165, 431/207, 431/210, 431/211, 431/219, 431/238, 431/239, 431/10, 431/346, 431/190, 607/37, 607/36, 607/46, 239/13, 239/135, 239/138, 239/8, 239/400, 239/427, 239/427.3, 239/428, 239/433, 222/189.1
• US Class Current: 431/11
• CPC Class Codes: F23D 11/007 combination of means covered by sub-groups F23D11/10 and F23D11/24
• CPC Class Codes: F23D 11/402 Mixing chambers downstream of the nozzle
• CPC Class Codes: F23D 11/44 Preheating devices; Vaporising devices
• CPC Class Codes: F23D 17/002 gaseous or liquid fuel
• CPC Class Codes: F23D 2900/11101 Pulverising gas flow impinging on fuel from pre-filming surface, e.g. lip atomizers

Abstract

Method and apparatus to prevaporize and premix liquid and/or gaseous fuels with air in two stages at two different temperatures prior to combustion. The invention is directed to the entry of a finely atomized liquid fuel, such as No. 2 diesel, into an inlet end of an annular chamber. Air is mixed with finely atomized liquid fuel, preferably generated by a small flow number liquid fuel nozzle, in a first chamber of the annular chamber at a first (relatively high) temperature for a relatively long residence time. The air and liquid fuel is moved into a second chamber of the annular chamber where a secondary hotter air is injected into the annular chamber by a plurality of staggered high velocity jets to prevaporize and premix the combined fuel and air mixture at a second higher temperature, but for a shorter time. The intense prevaporization and premixing make the mixture suitable for entry into a combustor, but without the need to add water or steam to keep pollutant emissions low. Alternatively, the invention may be used with a gaseous fuel and air, or the combination of liquid fuel and gaseous fuel and air. A sharp-edged film atomizer may be added to provide secondary atomization of the liquid fuel.

Claims

1. A method of staged prevaporizing and premixing fuel and air prior to combustion in a combustor, the method comprising:

providing an inlet flow of air into a first stage chamber of an annular chamber having an inlet and outlet defining a second stage chamber coannular and contiguous to the first stage chamber;

introducing a fuel into the first stage chamber of the annular chamber;

atomizing the fuel into the first stage chamber;

mixing the inlet flow of air and fuel at a first stage temperature for a first stage residence time;

wherein the resulting fuel and air mixture is moved by the inlet flow of air into the second stage chamber;

introducing secondary air into the second chamber at a second stage temperature, which is hotter than the first stage temperature;

secondarily mixing the atomized fuel and air mixture that has flowed from the first chamber with the secondary air in the second stage chamber at a second stage temperature, which is at a hotter temperature than the first stage temperature, and for a second stage residence time, which is shorter than the first stage residence time, until the resulting mixture is at a substantially completely prevaporized and premixed level for combustion; and

directing the resulting substantially completely premixed and prevaporized fuel and air mixture out the outlet of the annular chamber to the combustor.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fuel is comprised of a liquid fuel.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fuel is comprised of a gaseous fuel.

4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of:

introducing a gaseous fuel into either the first or second stage chamber of the annular chamber;

mixing the liquid fuel and air from the first chamber and the hotter secondary air from the second chamber with the gaseous fuel in the second stage chamber until the resulting mixture is substantially completed prevaporized and premixed prior to combustion.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the gaseous fuel is introduced upstream from where the liquid fuel is introduced.

6. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of:

providing a small flow number liquid fuel nozzle for extremely fine atomizing of the liquid fuel.

7. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of:

providing secondary atomization of the liquid fuel.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the secondary atomization of the liquid fuel is provided by a sharp-edged film atomizer.

9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of:

generating the annular chamber about an imaginary centerline such that the annular chamber is axially aligned from inlet to the outlet.

10. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of:

generating the annular chamber about an imaginary centerline such that the annular chamber is axially aligned from inlet to the outlet; and

directing the atomized liquid fuel toward the centerline.

11. The method according to claim 7,

generating the annular chamber about an imaginary centerline such that the annular chamber is axially aligned from inlet to the outlet;

directing the atomized liquid fuel toward the centerline; and

directing the secondary atomizated liquid fuel toward the centerline.

12. The method according to claim 8,

generating the annular chamber about an imaginary centerline such that the annular chamber is axially aligned from inlet to the outlet;

directing the atomized liquid fuel toward the centerline; and

directing the sharp-edged film atomizer toward the centerline, wherein the sharp-edged film atomizer includes a lip that generates a shear force to secondarily atomize the liquid fuel.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the secondary air is introduced by a plurality of high velocity jets.

14. The method according to claim 2, wherein the secondary air is introduced by a plurality of high velocity jets.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the high velocity jets are staggered.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the high velocity jets are staggered.

19. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of:

a providing diverging-converging nozzle at the outlet of the annular chamber.

20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the secondary air is introduced in a non-axially aligned manner relative to the centerline.

21. The method according to claim 9, wherein the secondary air is introduced in a providing non-axially aligned manner relative to the centerline.

22. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of:

a providing diverging-converging nozzle at the outlet of the annular chamber.

23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first stage temperature is in the range of 350-600 K.

24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second stage temperature is in the range of 600 to 1000 K.

25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first stage residence time is in the range of 10-20 ms.

26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second stage residence time is in the range of 1-5 ms.

27. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first stage temperature is in the range of 350-600 K.

28. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second stage temperature is in the range of 600 to 1000 K.

29. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first stage residence time is in the range of 10-20 ms.

30. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second stage residence time is in the range of 1-5 ms.

31. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first stage temperature is in the range of 350 to 600 K and the first stage residence time is in the range of 10-20 ms.

32. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second stage temperature is in the range of 600 to 1000 K and the second residence time is in the range of 1-5 ms.

33. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step:

providing at least one extension tube in the first chamber to alter the first stage residence time.

34. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of:

providing at least one extension tube in the second chamber to alter the second stage residence time.

35. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step:

providing at least one extension tube in the first chamber to alter the first stage residence time, and providing at least one extension tube in the second chamber to alter the second stage residence time.

17. A method of prevaporizing and premixing fuel and air prior to combustion in a combustor, the method comprising:

providing an inlet flow of air into a first stage chamber of an annular chamber having an inlet and outlet defining a second stage chamber coannular and continuous to the first stage chamber;

introducing a fuel into the fist stage chamber of an annular chamber;

atomizing the fuel into the first stage chamber;

mixing the inlet flow of air and fuel at a first stage temperature for a first stage residence time;

wherein the resulting fuel and air mixture is moved by the inlet flow of the air into the second stage chamber;

introducing secondary air into the second chamber at a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature;

mixing the atomized fuel and air mixture that has flowed from the first chamber with the hotter secondary air in the second stage chamber for a second residence time, which is shorter than that of the first residence time, until the resulting mixture is at a desired prevaporized and premixed level for combustion; and

directing the resulting premixed and prevaporized fuel and air mixture out the outlet of the annular chamber to the combustor;

wherein the hotter secondary air is introduced by a plurality of high velocity jets; and

wherein the hotter secondary air flows in a reverse direction of the fuel and air mixture from the first chamber.

18. A method of prevaporizing and premixing fuel and air prior to combustion in a combustor, the method comprising:

providing an inlet flow of air into a first stage chamber of an annular chamber having an inlet and outlet defining a second stage chamber coannular and contiguous to the first stage chamber;

introducing a fuel into the first stage chamber of an annular chamber;

atomizing the fuel into the first stage chamber;

mixing the inlet flow of air and fuel at a first stage temperature for a first stage residence time;

wherein the resulting fuel and air mixture is moved by the inlet flow of the air into the second stage chamber;

introducing secondary air into the second chamber at a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature;

mixing the atomized fuel and air mixture that has flowed from the first chamber with the hotter secondary air in the second stage chamber for a second residence time, which is shorter than that of the first residence time, until the resulting mixture is at a desired prevaporized and premixed level for combustion; and

directing the resulting premixed and prevaporized fuel and air mixture out the outlet of the annular chamber to the combustor;

wherein the fuel is comprised of a liquid fuel, and

wherein the hotter secondary air is introduced by a plurality of high velocity jets, and

wherein the hotter secondary air flows in a reverse direction of the fuel and air mixture from the first chamber.

36. A staged prevaporizer-premixer (SPP) for prevaporizing and premixing liquid fuel and air prior to combustion in a combustor, the SPP comprising:

an annular chamber having an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein said annular chamber defines a first stage chamber and a contiguous and coannular second stage chamber;

a liquid fuel inlet and a liquid fuel atomizer assembly positioned at the inlet of the annular chamber for finely atomizing liquid fuel introduced from the liquid fuel inlet in the first chamber of the annular chamber;

an air inlet supply that introduces air into the first chamber for directing the atomized liquid fuel in a desired direction within the annular chamber at a first stage temperature for a first stage residence time;

a secondary air inlet into the secondary chamber, wherein the secondary air is introduced through the secondary inlet providing further prevaporization and premixing of the partially prevaporized and premixed liquid fuel and air mixture from the first stage chamber at a second stage temperature, which is hotter than that of the first stage temperature, and at a second stage residence time, which is less than the first stage residence time, in order to substantially completely prevaporize and premix the fuel and air mixture prior to combustion; and

an outlet nozzle to channel the substantially completely prevaporized and premixed fuel and air mixture from the second stage chamber to the adjacent combustor.

37. The SPP according to claim 36 further comprising a gaseous fuel inlet.

38. The SPP according to claim 37, wherein the gaseous fuel inlet is upstream of the at least one air injection hole.

39. The SPP according to claim 36 further comprising a secondary film atomizer.

40. The SPP according to claim 39, wherein the secondary film atomizer is a sharp-edged film atomizer.

41. The SPP according to claim 36, wherein the liquid fuel inlet is a small flow number liquid fuel nozzle.

42. The SPP according to claim 36, wherein the hotter secondary air inlet includes a plurality of high velocity jets.

43. The SPP according to claim 42, wherein the high velocity jets are staggered.

44. The SPP according to claim 36, wherein the annular chamber, first stage chamber, second stage chamber, inlet end and outlet end are axially aligned and generated about a centerline.

45. The SPP according to claim 44, wherein the secondary air inlet introduces secondary air in a non-axially aligned manner relative to the centerline.