Method and apparatus for coding information by inserting codes in strongly featured image regions

• US 6,181,802 B1
• Filed: 10/17/1997
• Issued: 01/30/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 02/06/1995
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Central Research Fund Limited
• Original Assignee: Central Research Fund Limited
• Inventors: Todd, Martin Peter
• Primary Examiner(s): Johns, Andrew W.
• Application Number:
  US08/875,546
• Time in Patent Office: 1,201 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100, 382/232, 380/54
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 9/004 Predictors, e.g. intraframe, interframe coding
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32203 Spatial or amplitude domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/3224 in edge regions
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32251 in multilevel data, e.g. greyscale or continuous tone data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32309 in colour image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/3232 Robust embedding or watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/23892 involving embedding information at multiplex stream level, e.g. embedding a watermark at packet level
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/8358 involving watermark protecting executable software by watermarking G06F21/16; image watermarking in general G06T1/0021; watermarks inserted in still images for transmission purposes H04N1/32144; inserting watermarks during video coding H04N19/467
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/913 for scrambling ; for copy protection
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 7/08 Systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal, e.g. additional information signals, the signals occupying wholly or partially the same frequency band , e.g. by time division H04N7/007 takes precedence

Abstract

A method of encoding invisible identification code into an image, which is highly resistant to degradation across communications links, and which does not require the presence of the original image for decoding, comprises analyzing the image and determining strongly featured regions such as edges, and inserting code into such regions by altering the structure of the image in a predictable manner, as for example a concave elliptical insert centered on and aligned with an edge, which alteration is not visible to the eye. When decoding, area of concavity are determined, and a correlation is performed with a predicted insert function to assess whether code has been inserted. A hardware embodiment is described.

Claims

1. A method of inserting coded information into an image, comprising analyzing the image, identifying at least one strongly featured region, and inserting into the or each such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region, in order to represent coded information, wherein said method includes determining the maximum strength said insert function may have without producing a visible artefact, and determining the intensity of the insert function in accordance with said maximum strength.

2. A method according to claim 1, including assessing the image as to the degree of strength of the strongly featured region within the image, and determining said maximum strength in dependence on such strength assessment.

3. A method according to claim 2, including varying in a predetermined manner the intensity of the geometric insert function over its spatial extent, determining a function representing the extent to which the intensity of the image varies in a similar manner, and determining the product of such function and the geometric insert function.

4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the geometric insert function varies in intensity in a concave manner between its edges and across its central region.

5. A method according to claim 3, wherein the intensity of the insert function is scaled by a value representing the difference between said maximum strength and said product.

6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the insert function varies in intensity over its spatial extent in a concave manner, either increasing or decreasing in intensity from its centre towards its edges to represent either one of two binary values.

7. A method of inserting coded information into an image, comprising analyzing the image, identifying at least one strongly featured region, and inserting into the or each such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region, in order to represent coded information, wherein said method includes determining whether the strongly featured region is sufficient well defined to permit insertion of coded information.

8. A method of inserting coded information into an image, comprising analyzing the image, identifying at least one strongly featured region, and inserting into the or each such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region, in order to represent coded information, further comprising dividing the image up into blocks formed in N rows and M columns, and carrying out the aforesaid analysing and inserting steps in each block.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein a group of blocks, selected according to a predetermined rule, are encoded according to a pseudo random sequence so that one element in the sequence represents one item of coded information which is inserted into a respective block of the group.

10. A method of inserting coded information according to claim 8, wherein an assessment is made of the type of image within each block, whether it has a single strongly featured region, has several such regions, or is a block having low activity in terms of image information.

11. A method according to claim 10 wherein if a block is assessed to have a low activity, the geometric insert function comprises a geometric region wherein the pixels within the region have a luminance modulated according to a predetermined function.

12. A method of decoding information contained in an image, the method comprising analysinq the image, identifying a strongly featured region, determining for the region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within the region and representing coded information, and performing a correlation operation with such predetermined insert function and the image to determine the value of coded information inserted into the strongly featured region, wherein the method further comprises dividing the image up into blocks formed in N rows and M columns, and carrying out the aforesaid decoding steps in each block.

13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the intensity of the anticipated geometric insert function varies in a predetermined manner overs its spatial extent, and determining a function representing the extent to which the intensity of the image varies in a similar manner, determining the product of such function and the geometric insert function, and correlating such product with the possible values of the coded information to determine the most likely value.

14. A method according to claim 12, wherein a group of blocks, selected according to a predetermined rule, are correlated with the possible values of an anticipated pseudo random sequence, the possible values of each element of the sequence being correlated with a respective block.

15. A method of decoding according to claim 12, wherein an assessment is made of the type of image within each block, whether it has a single strongly featured region, has several such regions, or is a block having low activity in terms of image information.

16. A method of inserting coded information into an image, comprising analyzing the image, identifying at least one strongly featured region, and inserting into the or each such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region, in order to represent coded information, wherein the at least one strongly featured region comprises edge regions between areas of different luminance and/or chrominance.

17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the geometric insert function has an intensity varying in a non-linear manner along a length of the edge, for representing one of two binary values.

18. A method according to claim 17, wherein the insert function is elliptical in extent, with its intensity gradually changing in a direction along its major axis, and with its major axis extending along the length of the edge.

19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the elliptical function is centred on the centre of the edge.

20. A method of inserting coded information into an image, comprising analyzing the image, identifying at least one strongly featured region, and inserting into the or each such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region, in order to represent coded information, wherein the at least one strongly featured region comprises textured regions having randomly distributed therein local areas of different luminance and/or chrominance values.

21. A method according to claim 20, comprising analysing a textured region by a process of cluster analysis, identifying a cluster of local areas with a certain quality and which are more prominent to the eye than other local areas, and modifying the chrominance and/or luminance values of the cluster with a geometric insert function which decreases in intensity from its centre, for representing one of two binary values.

22. Apparatus for inserting coded information into an image, comprising means for analyzing the image and identifying strongly featured regions, and means for inserting into at least one such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region and representing coded information, and further including means for determining the maximum strength the insert function may have without producing a visible artefact, and means for determining the intensity of the insert function in accordance with said maximum strength.

23. Apparatus according to claim 22, including means for assessing the image as to the degree of strength of the strongly featured region within the image, and means for determining said maximum strength in dependence on such strength assessment.

24. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the intensity of the geometric insert function varies in a predetermined manner overs its spatial extent, and including means for determining a function representing the extent to which the intensity of the image varies in a similar manner, and means for determining the product of such function and the geometric insert function.

25. Apparatus according to claim 24, including means for scaling the intensity of the insert function by a value representing the difference between said maximum strength and the existing variation product.

26. Apparatus for inserting coded information into an image, comprising means for analyzing the image and identifying strongly featured regions, and means for inserting into at least one such region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within such region and representing coded information, and further including means for dividing the image up into blocks formed in N rows and M columns, and carrying out the aforesaid analysing and inserting steps in each block.

27. Apparatus according to claim 26, including means for selecting a group of blocks according to a predetermined rule, and means for encoding the group according to a pseudo random sequence so that the blocks in the group represent one or more bits of information.

28. Apparatus for decoding information contained in an image, comprising means for analyzing the image and identifying a strongly featured region, means for determining for the region an anticipated geometric insert function extending spatially within the region and representing coded information, and means for Performing a correlation operation with such anticipated insert function and the image to determine the value of coded information inserted into the strongly featured region, and further comprising means for dividing the image up into blocks formed in N rows and M columns, and means for carrying out the aforesaid decoding steps in each block.

29. Apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the intensity of the anticipated geometric insert function varies in a predetermined manner overs its spatial extent, and including means for determining a function representing the extent to which the intensity of the image varies in a similar manner, means for determining the product of such function and the geometric insert function, and means for correlating such product with the possible values of the coded information to determine the most likely value.

30. Apparatus according to claim 28, including means for correlating a group of blocks, selected according to a predetermined rule, with the possible values of an anticipated pseudo random sequence, the possible values of each element of the sequence being correlated with a respective block.

31. A method of decoding information contained in an image, the method comprising analyzing the image, identifying a strongly featured region, determining for the region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within the region and representing coded information, and performing a correlation operation with such predetermined insert function and the image to determine the value of coded information inserted into the strongly featured region, wherein the strongly featured region comprises edge regions between areas of different luminance and/or chrominance.

32. A method of decoding information contained in an image, the method comprising analyzing the image, identifying a strongly featured region, determining for the region a predetermined geometric insert function extending spatially within the region and representing coded information, and performing a correlation operation with such predetermined insert function and the image to determine the value of coded information inserted into the strongly featured region, wherein the strongly featured region comprises textured regions having randomly distributed therein local areas of different luminance and/or chrominance values.