Real-time pricing controller of an energy storage medium

• US 6,185,483 B1
• Filed: 01/27/1998
• Issued: 02/06/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 01/27/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Johnson Controls Technology Company (Johnson Controls International plc)
• Original Assignee: Johnson Controls, Inc. (Johnson Controls International plc)
• Inventors: Drees, Kirk H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Grant, William
• Assistant Examiner(s): CABRERA, ZOILA E
• Application Number:
  US09/013,737
• Time in Patent Office: 1,106 Days
• Field of Search: 700/291, 700/295, 702/61
• US Class Current: 700/295
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 11/30 for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 11/46 Improving electric energy efficiency or saving
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 11/47 Responding to energy costs
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 11/62 characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 2140/60 Energy consumption
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 11/42 for obtaining a characteristic which is both proportional and time-dependent, e.g. P. I., P. I. D.

Abstract

A method and apparatus is provided for controlling an energy storage medium connected to an environmental control system that is providing environmental conditioning. The controller includes an energy pricing data structure for storing a real-time energy pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time-varying production costs of energy. The controller also includes a storage medium containing rules that approximate optimal control trajectories of an energy cost function that is dependent upon the real-time energy pricing profile, with the rules governing the operation of the energy storage medium. In addition, the controller has an engine for generating a storage medium control signal based upon the real-time energy pricing profile and the rules whereby the energy storage medium is controlled with the storage medium control signal in order to minimize energy costs associated with environmental control system.

Claims

1. A controller for controlling an energy storage medium connected to an environmental control system that is providing environmental conditioning, comprising:

an energy pricing data structure for storing a real-time energy pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time-varying production costs of energy;

a data storage medium containing rules determined during a developmental phase using dynamic programming, said rules matching optimal control trajectories of an energy cost function that is dependent upon said real-time energy pricing profile, said rules governing the operation of the energy storage medium; and

an engine for generating during an operational phase an energy storage medium control signal based upon said real-time energy pricing profile and said rules, whereby the energy storage medium is controlled with said energy storage medium control signal in order to minimize energy costs associated with environmental conditioning by the environmental control system.

2. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a forecaster that provides an estimate of the facility heat transfer rate to said engine.

3. The controller of claim 1, further comprising facility specific data that is received by said engine and utilized in the generation of said energy storage medium control signal.

4. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a PID feedback controller that receives said energy storage medium control signal from said engine and generates commands for regulation of the energy storage medium.

5. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a PID feedback controller that receives said energy storage medium control signal from said engine and generates commands for regulation of the environmental control system.

6. The controller of claim 1, wherein said engine includes a charge module, standby module, and discharge module that are selected for execution at least in part on a discharge interval.

7. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a plant status selector that transmits a plant status signal to said engine, said plant status signal identifying a charging mode, standby mode, or discharge mode that is to be executed by said engine.

8. The controller of claim 6, wherein said discharge module determines whether use of the energy storage medium should be maximized or minimized for an interval.

9. The controller of claim 6, wherein said discharge module selects a chiller/priority control strategy by which the energy storage medium and environmental control system are operated.

10. The controller of claim 4, wherein said PID feedback controller is a feedback controller having a setpoint that is a desired building supply temperature.

11. The controller of claim 1, wherein said energy cost function is:

$J_{\mathrm{RTP}}=\underset{K=1}{\overset{S}{\sum <br><br>}}<br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br>{\left[\mathrm{Re}*P\right]}_K*\mathrm{\Delta <br><br>}<br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br>t.$

12. The controller of claim 1, wherein said energy storage medium is an internal melt, ice storage tank.

13. The controller of claim 1, wherein said environmental control system is an air conditioning system.

14. A method of controlling an energy storage medium connected to an environmental control system that is providing environmental conditioning, comprising:

(a) storing a real-time energy pricing profile in an energy pricing data structure, said real-time pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time varying production costs of energy;

(b) governing the operation of the energy storage medium with rules determined during a developmental phase using dynamic programming, said rules matching an optimal control trajectory of an energy cost function that is dependent upon said real-time energy pricing profile; and

(c) generating during an operational phase an energy storage medium control signal based at least in part upon said energy pricing profile and said rules, whereby the energy storage medium is controlled with the energy storage medium control signal in order to minimize energy costs associated with environmental conditioning by the environmental control system.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of forecasting a facility heat transfer rate which is utilized to identify a discharge strategy for the energy storage medium.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein step (c) includes selecting a charge mode, standby mode, and discharge mode based at least in part on a discharge interval.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of determining whether use of the energy storage medium should be maximized or minimized for an interval.

18. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of selecting a chiller/priority control strategy by which the energy storage medium is operated.

19. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of selecting a chiller/priority control strategy by which the environmental control system is operated.

20. An environmental control system that provides environmental conditioning of a facility, comprising:

an air conditioning system;

a thermal energy storage tank that is used in conjunction with said air conditioning system to cool the facility; and

a controller that controls said air conditioning system and said thermal energy storage tank, said controller including;

an energy pricing data structure for storing a real-time energy pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time-varying production costs of energy,

a data storage medium containing rules determined during a developmental phase using dynamic programming, said rules matching optimal control trajectories of an energy cost function that is dependent upon said real-time energy pricing profile, said rules governing the operation of said thermal energy storage tank, and

an engine for generating during an operational phase a control signal based upon said real-time energy pricing profile and said rules, whereby energy costs associated with the environmental conditioning of the facility are minimized.

21. A controller for controlling an energy storage medium connected to an environmental control system that is providing environmental conditioning, comprising:

an energy pricing data structure for storing a real-time energy pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time-varying production costs of energy;

a data storage medium containing rules determined using dynamic programming, said rules matching optimal control trajectories of an energy cost function that is dependent upon said real-time energy pricing profile, said rules governing the operation of the energy storage medium; and

an engine for generating an energy storage medium control signal based upon said real-time energy pricing profile and said rules, whereby the energy storage medium is controlled with said energy storage medium control signal in order to minimize energy costs associated with environmental conditioning by the environmental control system,

wherein the controller operates with a hybrid control algorithm having a finite number of discrete states and also allowing, within at least one state, continuous control.

22. The controller of claim 21, wherein said rules comprise discharging rules that include:

discharging the energy storage medium during a first time interval in which an energy cost rate is at a maximum as determined by the real-time energy pricing profile, and

discharging the energy storage medium during a subsequent high energy cost interval, so long as the energy storage medium is not depleted and the environmental conditioning continues to be necessary,

wherein the discharging during the first time interval and the discharging during the subsequent high energy cost interval occur at rates which maximize the energy output of the energy storage medium during each interval while maintaining sufficient energy within the energy storage medium so that later energy demands of the environmental control system as predicted by a forecaster can be met.

23. The controller of claim 21, wherein said rules comprise charging rules that include:

always charging the energy storage medium at a maximum rate;

charging the energy storage medium only during a customer specified charging period; and

ceasing the charging of the energy storage medium if the energy storage medium is charged to a maximum specified limit.

24. A method of controlling an energy storage medium connected to an environmental control system that is providing environmental conditioning, comprising:

(a) storing a real-time energy pricing profile in an energy pricing data structure, said real-time pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time varying production costs of energy;

(b) governing the operation of the energy storage medium with rules determined using dynamic programming, said rules matching an optimal control trajectory of an energy cost function that is dependent upon said real-time energy pricing profile; and

(c) generating an energy storage medium control signal based at least in part upon said energy pricing profile and said rules, whereby the energy storage medium is controlled with the energy storage medium control signal in order to minimize energy costs associated with environmental conditioning by the environmental control system,

wherein said rules further comprise charging rules that include;

always charging the energy storage medium at a maximum rate;

charging the energy storage medium only during a customer specified charging period; and

ceasing the charging of the energy storage medium if the energy storage medium is charged to a maximum specified limit.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein said rules further comprise discharging rules that include:

discharging the energy storage medium during a first time interval in which an energy cost rate is at a maximum as determined by the real-time energy pricing profile, and

discharging the energy storage medium during a subsequent high energy cost interval, so long as the energy storage medium is not depleted and the environmental conditioning continues to be necessary,

wherein the discharging during the first time interval and the discharging during the subsequent high energy cost interval occur at rates which maximize the energy output of the energy storage medium during each interval while maintaining sufficient energy within the energy storage medium so that later energy demands of the environmental control system as predicted by a forecasting can be met.