Solid-state non-invasive infrared absorption spectrometer for the generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from living tissue

• US 6,198,949 B1
• Filed: 03/10/1999
• Issued: 03/06/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 03/10/1999
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: OptiScan Biomedical Corporation
• Original Assignee: OptiScan Biomedical Corporation
• Inventors: Kramer, Charles E., Braig, James R., Sterling, Bernhard B., Shulenberger, Arthur M., Goldberger, Daniel S., Godfrey, Joan C., Correia, David J., Cortella, Julian
• Primary Examiner(s): WINAKUR, ERIC FRANK
• Application Number:
  US09/265,195
• Time in Patent Office: 727 Days
• Field of Search: 600/310, 600/316, 600/322, 600/473, 250/341.1, 250/341.6, 250/341.5, 250/341.8, 250/339.07, 250/339.03, 250/339.06, 250/339.12, 250/339.11, 250/339.09, 250/340, 250/495.1, 219/553, 392/407, 392/416, 392/483
• US Class Current: 600/310
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/01 Measuring temperature of body parts ; Diagnostic temperature sensing, e.g. for malignant or inflamed tissue clinical contact thermometers G01K13/20
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14532 for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/02 Details
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0286 Constructional arrangements for compensating for fluctuations caused by temperature, humidity or pressure, or using cooling or temperature stabilization of parts of the device; Controlling the atmosphere inside a spectrometer, e.g. vacuum
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0291 Housings; Spectrometer accessories; Spatial arrangement of elements, e.g. folded path arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/42 Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry beam switching arrangements G01J3/08
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/061 by controlling the temperature of the apparatus or parts thereof, e.g. using cooling means or thermostats

Abstract

A solid-state spectrometer for the non-invasive generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from human or animal tissue. The spectrometer includes an infrared transmissive thermal mass window for inducing a transient temperature gradient in the tissue by means of conductive heat transfer with the tissue, and a cooling element in operative combination with the thermal mass window for cooling the thermal mass window. Also provided is an infrared sensor for detecting infrared emissions emanating from the tissue as the transient temperature gradient progresses into the tissue, and for providing output signals proportional to the detected infrared emissions. A data capture element is provided for sampling the output signals received from the infrared sensor as the transient temperature gradient progresses into the tissue.

Claims

1. A solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

an intermittent heating means in operative combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass; and

cooling means in operative combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass.

2. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1,

wherein said intermittent heating means comprises an infrared transmissive heating means; and

wherein the operative combination of the infrared transmissive thermal mass and the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means defines an optical pathway therethrough for the transmission of infrared energy.

3. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 2 further comprising a thermal impedance zone disposed between, and in thermal contact with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass and the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

4. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 3 wherein the thermal impedance zone further comprises an infrared transmissive thermal impedance zone.

5. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 3 wherein the thermal impedance zone further comprises a quantity of germanium-arsenic-selenium glass.

6. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 2 wherein the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means further comprises an electrical resistance heating grid.

7. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1 further comprising:

an infrared transmissive window;

means for retaining the infrared transmissive window in operative and thermal combination with the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

8. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 7 wherein the means for retaining the infrared transmissive window further is selected from the group consisting of means for fixedly retaining the infrared transmissive window, and means for removably retaining the infrared transmissive window.

9. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 7 wherein the infrared transmissive window is selected from the group consisting of a fixedly mounted infrared transmissive window and a removable infrared transmissive window.

10. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1 wherein the cooling means is a passive cooling means.

11. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 10 wherein the passive cooling means further comprises the infrared transmissive thermal mass.

12. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 10 wherein the passive cooling means further comprises a heat sink in operative and thermal combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass.

13. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1 wherein the cooling means is an active cooling means.

14. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 13 wherein the active cooling means further comprises a heat exchanger in operative and thermal combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass.

15. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 14 wherein the active cooling means further comprises means for applying a flow of coolant to the heat exchanger.

16. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1 wherein the infrared transmissive thermal mass is selected from the group consisting of:

germanium;

silicon; and

diamond.

17. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1 wherein the intermittent heating means is selected from the group consisting of:

heat exchanger;

electrical resistance heating grid;

thermo-electric heater; and

wire bridge heating grid.

18. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 1, wherein said device is configured for measuring analyte concentrations in heterogeneous material.

19. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 18, wherein said device is further configured for calibration using a calibration standard which mimics the physiology of human tissue and which contains an analyte at a known concentration.

20. A device as in claim 18 wherein said calibration standard includes a machine readable calibration standard.

21. A device as in claim 20 wherein said machine readable calibration standard comprises a bar code.

22. The solid state-thermal gradient device of claim 18, wherein said device is further configured for network connection to at least one of a computer and a remote database.

23. The solid-state thermal gradient device of claim 22, wherein said computer and database are configured for at least one of transmitting and receiving data from the group consisting of:

calibration data;

patient data; and

treatment data.

24. A solid state thermal gradient device, comprising:

an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

an infrared transmissive heating layer formed on a surface of, and in operative combination with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass;

means for intermittently energizing the infrared transmissive heating layer; and

infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer disposed between, and in thermal contact with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass and the infrared transmissive heating layer.

25. A solid-state device as recited in claim 24, wherein said device is configured for the generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from the living tissue.

26. A solid state device for the generation of thermal gradient spectra in living tissue, the spectra for determining an analyte concentration in the tissue, the device comprising in operative combination:

an infrared transmissive germanium cylinder defining a thermal mass, the mass further characterized by having a high degree of thermal transmission;

an infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer comprising a relatively thin layer of gallium-arsenic-selenium glass disposed on a surface of the germanium cylinder;

an infrared transmissive wire-grid heating element disposed on the infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer;

heat exchanger means, in thermal combination with the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder, for maintaining the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder within a specified temperature range; and

means for preventing condensation on at least one surface of the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder,

wherein the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder, the infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer, and the infrared transmissive wire-grid heating element form an optical pathway for the transmission of infrared energy therethrough.

27. A solid-state device as recited in claim 26, wherein said device is configured for the generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from living tissue.

28. A method for the fabricating a solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

forming an infrared transmissive germanium cylinder defining a thermal mass, the mass further characterized by having a high degree of thermal transmission;

disposing, on a surface of the germanium cylinder, an infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer comprising a relatively thin layer of gallium-arsenic-selenium glass; and

disposing an infrared transmissive wire-grid heating element on the infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer.

29. A method as recited in claim 28, further comprising disposing the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder, an infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer, and infrared transmissive wire-grid heating element in operative combination within a non-invasive infrared absorption spectrometer.

30. A method for forming a solid state thermal gradient device, the method comprising the steps of:

forming an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

forming an infrared transmissive heating layer on a surface of, and in operative combination with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass;

providing a means for intermittently energizing the infrared transmissive heating layer; and

disposing an infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer between, and in thermal contact with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass and the intermittent heating layer.

31. The method of claim 30 further comprising the steps of:

maintaining the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder within a specified temperature range disposing a heat exchanger means, in thermal combination with the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder; and

preventing condensation on at least one surface of the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder,

whereby the infrared transmissive germanium cylinder, the infrared transmissive thermal impedance layer, and the infrared transmissive wire-grid heating element form an optical pathway for the transmission of infrared energy therethrough.

32. A method for using a solid-state thermal gradient device to measure analyte concentrations in heterogeneous material, the method comprising the steps of:

disposing the solid-state thermal gradient device in a spectrometer;

placing a portion of a patient'"'"'s anatomy into physical and thermal contact with the solid-state thermal gradient device;

generating, with the solid-state thermal gradient device, a thermal gradient in at least a portion of the patient'"'"'s anatomy; and

capturing at least a portion of the thermal gradient spectra obtained from the generating step with the spectrometer.

33. The method of claim 32 further for calibrating the spectrometer and comprising the further step of utilizing a calibration standard which mimics the physiology of human tissue and which contains an analyte at a known concentration to ensure calibration of the spectrometer.

34. The method of claim 32 further comprising the step connecting the spectrometer to at least one of a computer and a remote database.

35. The method of claim 32 further comprising the step of transmitting, from the spectrometer, data from the group consisting of:

calibration data;

patient data; and

treatment data.

36. The method of claim 32 further comprising the step of receiving, at the spectrometer, data from the group consisting of:

calibration data;

patient data; and

treatment data.

37. A solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

infrared transmissive intermittent heating means in operative combination with said infrared transmissive thermal mass, said operative combination defining an optical pathway therethrough for the transmission of infrared energy; and

a thermal impedance zone disposed between, and in thermal contact with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass and infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

38. A solid-state thermal gradient device as recited in claim 37, wherein said thermal impedance zone comprises an infrared transmissive thermal impedance zone.

39. A solid-state thermal gradient device as recited in claim 37, wherein said thermal impedance zone comprises a quantity of germanium-arsenic-selenium glass.

40. A solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

an infrared transmissive thermal mass; and

an electrical resistance heating grid in operative combination with said infrared transmissive thermal mass, said operative combination defining an optical pathway therethrough for the transmission of infrared energy.

41. A solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

infrared transmissive intermittent heating means in operative combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass;

an infrared transmissive window; and

means for retaining the infrared transmissive window in operative and thermal combination with the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

42. A solid-state thermal gradient device as recited in claim 41, wherein said means for retaining the infrared transmissive window is selected from the group consisting of means for fixedly retaining the infrared transmissive window, and means for removably retaining the infrared transmissive window.

43. A solid-state thermal gradient device as recited in claim 41, wherein the infrared transmissive window is selected from the group consisting of a fixedly mounted infrared transmissive window and a removably mounted infrared transmissive window.

44. A method for making a solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

forming an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

forming an infrared transmissive intermittent heating means in operative combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass; and

disposing a thermal impedance zone between, and in thermal contact with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass and the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

45. A method as recited in claim 44, wherein said thermal impedance zone comprises an infrared transmissive thermal impedance zone.

46. A method for making a solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

forming an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

forming an infrared transmissive intermittent heating means in operative combination with said infrared transmissive thermal mass; and

providing cooling means for cooling said infrared transmissive thermal mass.

47. A method as recited in claim 46, wherein said cooling means is selected from the group consisting of passive cooling means and active cooling means.

48. A method for making a solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

forming an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

forming an infrared transmissive intermittent heating means in operative combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass; and

disposing a transmissive thermal impedance zone between comprising a quantity of germanium-arsenic-selenium glass between, and in thermal contact with, the infrared transmissive thermal mass and the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

49. A method for making a solid-state thermal gradient device, comprising:

forming an infrared transmissive thermal mass;

forming an infrared transmissive intermittent heating means in operative combination with the infrared transmissive thermal mass;

disposing an infrared transmissive window on a surface of the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means; and

retaining the infrared transmissive window in operative and thermal combination with the infrared transmissive intermittent heating means.

50. A method as recited in claim 49, wherein said infrared transmissive window is retained by retaining means selected from the group consisting of means for fixedly retaining said infrared transmissive window, and means for removably retaining said infrared transmissive window.

51. A method as recited in claim 49, wherein said infrared transmissive window is selected from the group consisting of a fixedly retained infrared transmissive window and a removably retained infrared transmissive window.