Comb generating optical cavity that includes an optical amplifier and an optical modulator

• US 6,201,638 B1
• Filed: 01/13/1999
• Issued: 03/13/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 01/23/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: The United States of America As Represented By The Secretary of Agriculture, University Technology Corporation
• Original Assignee: NIST, University Technology Corporation
• Inventors: Ye, Jun, Ma, Long-Sheng, Hall, John Lewis, Diddams, Scott Alan
• Primary Examiner(s): Hellner, Mark
• Application Number:
  US09/229,436
• Time in Patent Office: 790 Days
• Field of Search: 359/346, 372/22
• US Class Current: 359/346
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/395 in optical waveguides
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2203/56 Frequency comb synthesizer
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/08086 Multiple-wavelength emission
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/107 using electro-optic devices, e.g. exhibiting Pockels or Kerr effect H01S3/1061, H01S3/1063, H01S3/1065 take precedence

Abstract

A low-loss comb-generating optical cavity including an optical amplifier and a microwave-driven electro-optic modulator crystal, produces a comb of optical frequency sidebands having spectral lines equally spaced around the frequency of an input laser beam incident on the comb-generating cavity. The comb-generating cavity includes an input mirror movable along the beam propagation direction, and a fixed position output mirror located at time synchronous distances of both the input laser wavelength and modulation wavelength. The comb-generating cavity and its microwave driven modulator are in resonance with the input laser beam, and provide iterative or recirculating beam action that transfers the input optical frequency of the laser, sideband by sideband, to remote and precisely known comb frequencies offset from, and centered on, the input laser frequency. Optical parametric amplification within the comb-generating cavity extends the sideband or comb spectrum and sharpens the time domain impulse represented by the cavity circulating fields. A relatively short bandpass filter optical cavity receives the comb output of the comb-generating cavity and is made up of the fixed-position mirror and a third mirror movable along the beam propagation direction. Fine movement of the third mirror tunes the bandpass filter cavity, and preferentially couples out the power of one or more comb frequencies. An optional input optical cavity at the input side may increase efficiency. A self-oscillating configuration provides optical parametric oscillation.

Claims

1. Comb generating apparatus comprising:

an input mirror and an output mirror physically spaced from each other to define a comb-generating optical cavity having a propagation axis;

each of said input and output mirrors having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said input mirror facing said beam entry surface of said output mirror;

a frequency source associated with said beam entry surface of said input mirror for providing a reference frequency beam to said comb-generating optical cavity, said reference frequency beam propagating along said propagation axis;

an optical amplifier/optical modulator assembly located within said comb-generating optical cavity, said optical amplifier/optical modulator assembly being physically located along said propagation axis; and

control means associated with said optical modulator for controlling the transmission length or efficiency of said optical modulator;

operation of said comb-generating optical cavity providing a multi-frequency comb that exits said comb-generating cavity by way of said beam exit surface of said output mirror; and

said multi-frequency comb comprising a plurality of comb frequencies that are centered on a frequency of said reference beam.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 including:

a tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located to intercept said multi-frequency comb, said bandpass filter being optically tunable to pass at least one comb frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said control means comprises microwave control means.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and wherein said control means comprises microwave control means.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 including:

a tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located to intercept said multi-frequency comb, said bandpass filter being tunable to pass at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said frequency source is a laser and including:

a first tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located intermediate said laser and said beam entry surface of said input mirror, said second tunable bandpass filter being tuned to pass a maximum intensity of said reference beam.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 including:

a second tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located to intercept said multi-frequency comb, said second bandpass filter optical cavity being tuned to pass at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and wherein said control means comprises microwave control means.

11. A method of generating a multi-frequency comb comprising the steps of:

providing an input mirror and an output mirror that are physically spaced from each other to define a comb-generating optical cavity having a propagation axis;

each of said input and output mirrors having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said input mirror facing said beam entry surface of said output mirror;

providing a frequency source that is associated with said beam entry surface of said input mirror, and that provides a reference frequency beam to said comb-generating optical cavity, said reference frequency beam propagating along said propagation axis;

providing an optical amplifier/optical modulator assembly that is located within said comb-generating optical cavity on said propagation axis; and

providing control means associated with said optical modulator for controlling the optical path length of said optical modulator;

operation of said comb-generating optical cavity providing a multi-frequency comb that exits said comb-generating cavity by way of said beam exit surface of said output mirror;

said multi-frequency comb comprising a plurality of comb frequencies that surround said reference frequency beam.

12. The method of claim 11 including the steps of:

providing a tunable bandpass filter optical cavity that is located to intercept said multi-frequency comb; and

tuning said bandpass filter being optically tunable to pass at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

14. The method of claim 11 wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein said control means comprises microwave control means.

16. The method of claim 11 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and wherein said control means comprises microwave control means.

17. The method of claim 16 including the steps of:

providing a tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located to intercept said multi-frequency comb; and

tuning said bandpass filter being to pass at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb.

18. The method of claim 11 including the steps of:

providing a first tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located intermediate said laser and said beam entry surface of said input mirror; and

tuning said second tunable bandpass filter to pass a maximum intensity of said reference frequency beam.

19. The method of claim 18 including the steps of:

providing a second tunable bandpass filter optical cavity located to intercept said multi-frequency comb; and

tuning said second bandpass filter optical cavity to pass at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and wherein said control means comprises microwave control means.

21. A optical comb-generating apparatus, comprising:

a first movable mirror and a second fixed position mirror spaced from each other to define an optical comb-generating cavity having a propagation axis;

each of said first and second mirrors having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said first mirror facing said beam entry surface of said second mirror;

an optical frequency source associated with said beam entry surface of said first mirror for providing a reference frequency beam to said optical comb-generating cavity, said reference frequency beam propagating along said propagation axis;

an optical amplifier and an optical modulator located within said optical comb-generating cavity, said optical amplifier and optical modulator being spaced along said propagation axis;

first control means associated with said optical modulator for controlling an optical path length of said optical modulator;

second control means associated with said first mirror for moving said first mirror to maintain said spacing between said first and second mirrors at a given relationship to a wavelength of said reference frequency beam;

operation of said optical comb-generating cavity providing an optical frequency comb that exits said optical comb-generating cavity by way of said beam exit surface of said second mirror;

said optical frequency comb comprising a plurality of sideband frequencies centered on said reference frequency beam;

a third movable mirror spaced from said second fixed position mirror, said third mirror having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said second mirror facing said beam entry surface of said third mirror;

said second and third mirrors forming a first tunable bandpass filter optical cavity; and

third control means associated with said third mirror for moving said third mirror to maintain said spacing between said second and third mirrors at a relationship to pass at least one sideband frequency within said optical frequency comb.

22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

23. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

24. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier and wherein said optical modulator is an electro optic modulator.

25. The apparatus of claim 21 including:

a fourth movable mirror spaced along said propagation axis from said first movable mirror, said fourth mirror having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said fourth mirror facing said beam entry surface of said first mirror;

said fourth and first mirrors forming a second tunable bandpass filter optical cavity; and

fourth control means associated with said fourth mirror for moving said fourth mirror to establish said spacing between said fourth and first mirrors relative to a wavelength of said reference frequency beam.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier and wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein said optical parametric amplifier comprises a MgO:

LiNbO₃ crystal, and wherein said electro-optic modulator comprises a MgO;

LiNbO₃ crystal.

28. A method of generating an optical frequency comb comprising the steps of:

providing a first movable mirror and a second fixed position mirror that are spaced from each other to define an optical comb-generating cavity having a propagation axis;

each of said first and second mirrors having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said first mirror facing said beam entry surface of said second mirror;

providing an optical frequency source that is associated with said beam entry surface of said first mirror for providing a reference frequency beam to said optical comb-generating cavity, said reference frequency beam propagating along said propagation axis;

providing an optical amplifier and an optical modulator located within said optical comb-generating cavity, said optical amplifier and optical modulator being physically spaced along said propagation axis;

providing first control means associated with said optical modulator for controlling a transmission path length of said optical modulator;

providing second control means associated with said first mirror for moving said first mirror to maintain said spacing between said first and second mirrors at a given relationship to a wavelength of said reference frequency beam;

operation of said optical comb-generating cavity providing an optical frequency comb that exits said optical comb-generating cavity by way of said beam exit surface of said second mirror;

said optical frequency comb comprising a plurality of sideband frequencies centered on said reference frequency beam;

providing a third movable mirror that is physically spaced from said second fixed position mirror, said third mirror having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said second mirror facing said beam entry surface of said third mirror;

said second and third mirrors forming a first tunable bandpass filter optical cavity; and

providing third control means that is associated with said third mirror for moving said third mirror to maintain said spacing between said second and third mirrors at a relationship to pass at least one sideband frequency within said optical frequency comb.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

30. The method of claim 28 wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

31. The method of claim 28 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier and wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

32. The method of claim 28 including the steps of:

providing a fourth movable mirror spaced along said propagation axis from said first movable mirror, said fourth mirror having a beam entry surface and a beam exit surface, said beam exit surface of said fourth mirror facing said beam entry surface of said first mirror, said fourth and first mirrors forming a second tunable bandpass filter optical cavity; and

providing fourth control means that is associated with said fourth mirror for moving said fourth mirror to establish said physical spacing between said fourth and first mirrors relative to a wavelength of said reference frequency beam.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier and wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator.

34. A combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter, comprising:

a first mirror;

a second mirror physically spaced from said first mirror along a beam propagation axis;

an optical modulator and an optical amplifier located on said beam propagation axis intermediate said first and second mirrors;

said first mirror, said second mirror, said optical modulator, and said optical amplifier comprising a comb-generating optical cavity;

a beam source for directing a single frequency beam through said first mirror and into said comb-generating optical cavity;

said comb-generating cavity operating on said single frequency beam and generating a multi-frequency comb that exits said comb-generating optical cavity by way of said second mirror;

a third mirror spaced from said second mirror along said beam propagation axis;

said second mirror and said third mirror comprising a bandpass filter optical cavity;

said bandpass filter optical cavity operating on said multi-frequency comb and generating an output beam that comprises having at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb;

said output beam being a function of a bandpass characteristic of said bandpass filter optical cavity; and

said output frequency beam exiting said bandpass filter optical cavity by way of said third mirror.

35. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 34 wherein said first mirror is a movable mirror, wherein said second mirror is a mirror that is fixed in position, and including:

first control means associated with said first mirror and operable to control a position of said first mirror along said propagation axis to provide a propagation length of said comb-generating optical cavity in accordance with said single frequency beam.

36. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 35 wherein said third mirror is a movable mirror, and including:

second control means associated with said third mirror and operable to control a position of said third mirror along said propagation axis to provide a propagation length of said bandpass filter optical cavity in accordance with a desired output beam.

37. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 36 wherein said beam source is a laser, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and including:

a modulation signal source connected to said electro-optic modulator.

38. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 37 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

39. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 36 including:

a fourth mirror that is movably positioned on said propagation axis intermediate said beam source and said first mirror; and

third control means associated with said fourth mirror and operable to control a position of said fourth mirror along said propagation axis in accordance with said single frequency beam.

40. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 39 wherein said beam source is a laser, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and including:

a modulation signal source connected to said electro-optic modulator.

41. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 40 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

42. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 41 wherein said optical parametric amplifier comprises a MgO:

LiNbO₃ crystal, and wherein said electro-optic modulator comprises a MgO;

LiNbO₃ crystal.

43. The combined optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter of claim 42 wherein said optical parametric amplifier and said electro-optic modulator are provided as a unitary assembly.

44. A method of providing a three mirror, serially arranged, comb-generating optical cavity and bandpass filter optical cavity comprising the steps of:

locating a first movable mirror on a propagation axis;

locating a second fixed mirror on said propagation axis so as to be spaced from said first mirror;

locating an optical modulator and an optical amplifier on said propagation axis intermediate said first and second mirrors;

said first mirror, optical modulator, optical amplifier and second mirror forming a comb-generating optical cavity;

providing first control means associated with said first mirror operable to control said location of said first mirror on said propagation axis in accordance with a desired width of a comb to be generated by said comb-generating optical cavity;

locating a third movable mirror on said propagation axis so as to be spaced from said second mirror;

said second and third mirrors forming a bandpass filter optical cavity; and

providing second control means associated with said third mirror operable to control said location of said third mirror on said propagation axis in accordance with a desired bandpass characteristic to be achieved by said bandpass filter optical cavity.

45. The method of claim 44 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

46. The method of claim 44 including the steps of:

providing a beam source operable to send a single frequency beam through said first mirror and into said comb-generating optical cavity;

locating a fourth movable mirror on said propagation axis intermediate said beam source and said first mirror; and

providing third control means associated with said fourth mirror operable to control said location of said fourth mirror on said propagation axis in accordance with said single frequency.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric amplifier.

48. Apparatus providing a unitary optical comb generator and optical bandpass filter, comprising:

a first mirror;

a second mirror physically spaced from said first mirror along a beam propagation axis;

an optical modulator/optical amplifier assembly located on said beam propagation axis intermediate said first and second mirrors;

said first mirror, second mirror and optical modulator/optical amplifier assembly comprising a comb-generating cavity;

a beam source directing a single frequency beam through said first mirror and into said comb-generating cavity;

said comb-generating cavity operating on said single frequency beam and generating a multi-frequency comb that exits said comb-generating cavity by way of said second mirror;

a third mirror spaced from said second mirror along said beam propagation axis;

said second mirror and said third mirror comprising an output bandpass filter cavity;

said output bandpass filter cavity operating on said multi-frequency comb and generating an output beam that comprises having at least one frequency that is within said multi-frequency comb;

said output beam being a function of a bandpass characteristic of said bandpass filter cavity;

said output frequency beam exiting said bandpass filter cavity by way of said third mirror; and

a fourth mirror physically positioned on said propagation axis intermediate said beam source and said first mirror;

said fourth mirror and said first mirror comprising an input bandpass filter cavity.

49. The apparatus claim 48 wherein said first mirror is a movable mirror, and including:

first control means associated with said first mirror and operable to control a position of said first mirror along said propagation axis to provide a propagation length of said comb-generating cavity in accordance with said single frequency beam.

50. The apparatus of claim 49 wherein said third mirror is a movable mirror, and including:

second control means associated with said third mirror and operable to control a position of said third mirror along said propagation axis to provide a propagation length of said output bandpass filter cavity in accordance with a desired output beam.

51. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said fourth mirror is a movable mirror, and including:

third control means associated with said fourth mirror and operable to control a position of said fourth mirror along said propagation axis in accordance with said single frequency beam.

52. The apparatus of claim 51 wherein said beam source is a laser, wherein said optical modulator is an electro-optic modulator, and including:

a modulation signal source connected to said electro-optic modulator.

53. The apparatus of claim 52 wherein said optical amplifier is an optical parametric optical amplifier.

54. The apparatus of claim 53 wherein said electro-optic modulator comprises a MgO:

LiNbO₃ crystal, and wherein said optical parametric amplifier comprises a MgO;

LiNbO₃ crystal.

55. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein said electro-optic modulator and optical parametric amplifier comprise a unitary device.