Membrane apparatus with enhanced mass transfer, heat transfer and pumping capabilities via active mixing

• US 6,217,826 B1
• Filed: 09/21/1998
• Issued: 04/17/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 04/11/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: University Of Pittsburgh (University of Pittsburgh of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education)
• Original Assignee: University Of Pittsburgh (University of Pittsburgh of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education)
• Inventors: Gartner, Mark J., Reeder, Gary D., Litwak, Philip, Borovetz, Harvey S.
• Primary Examiner(s): Sykes, Angela D.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Bianco, Patricia
• Application Number:
  US09/157,815
• Time in Patent Office: 939 Days
• Field of Search: 604/4-8, 604/4.01, 604/5.01, 604/6.09, 604/6.1, 604/6.11, 604/6.13, 604/6.14, 422/44-46, 422/48, 210/767, 210/780-82, 210/784, 210/649-50
• US Class Current: 422/45
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1629 with integral heat exchanger
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1698 Blood oxygenators with or without heat-exchangers intracorporal A61M1/1678; manufacturing of membranes therefor B01D67/00; semi-permeable membranes for separation processes characterised by their properties B01D69/00; semi-permeable membranes characterised by their material B01D71/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/26 and internal elements which are moving
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/262 rotating
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/267 used for pumping
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/3623 Means for actively controlling temperature of blood
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/33 Controlling, regulating or measuring
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/3303 Using a biosensor
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2206/14 Static flow deviators in tubes disturbing laminar flow in tubes, e.g. archimedes screws
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/113 in other functional devices, e.g. dialysers or heart-lung machines
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/216 including a rotating member acting on the blood, e.g. impeller
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/38 Blood oxygenation
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/416 transmitted directly by the motor rotor drive shaft
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/515 Regulation using real-time patient data
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/827 Sealings between moving parts
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/221 Heat exchangers
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/243 Pumps
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2321/2041 Mixers; Agitators
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2321/2066 Pulsated flow
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2321/2083 By reversing the flow
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 63/02 : Hollow fibre modules
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 63/026 : Wafer type modules or flat-surface type modules
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 63/034 : Lumen open in more than two directions
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 63/043 : with separate tube sheets
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 63/16 : Rotary, reciprocated or vibrated modules
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 65/08 : Prevention of membrane fouling or of concentration polarisation
• CPC Class Codes: B01F 27/271 : with means for moving the materials to be mixed radially between the surfaces of the rotor and the stator

Abstract

A combination mass transfer and pump apparatus, which in a single step actively mixes a first mass and a second mass and simultaneously pumps one of the first mass and the second mass through the apparatus. The combination mass transfer and pump apparatus substantially comprises a housing and at least one distributor element having a plurality of selectively fluid-permeable membrane elements wherein the at least one distributor element is agitated within the second mass such that the first mass diffuses across the selectively fluid-permeable membrane elements, mixing with the second mass, and in the same step the second mass is pumped through the housing.

Claims

1. A blood pump-oxygenator comprising:

(a) a housing defining a blood flow path and having a venous blood inlet, an arterial blood outlet, an oxygen inlet and an oxygen outlet;

(b) a double lumen shaft defining a gas inlet path and a gas outlet path;

wherein the double lumen shaft gas inlet path is in fluid communication with the housing gas inlet and the double lumen shaft gas outlet is in fluid communication with the housing gas outlet; and

(c) at least one distributor element past which blood may flow, mounted on the double lumen shaft, the at least one distributor element having;

(i) an inner ring with a first face and a second face;

(ii) an outer ring concentrically spaced with respect to the inner ring such that the inner ring and the outer ring define an oxygen supply plenum and an oxygen return plenum;

(iii) a first hollow spoke in fluid communication with the oxygen inlet path and the oxygen supply plenum;

(vi) a second hollow spoke in fluid communication with the oxygen outlet path and the oxygen return plenum; and

(vii) a plurality of selectively fluid-permeable membrane elements extending across the distributor disk blood flow path, each of the selectively fluid-permeable membrane elements in fluid communication with the oxygen supply plenum and the oxygen return plenum; and

wherein when blood flows through the housing flow path and oxygen flows through and diffuses across the plurality of selectively fluid-permeable membrane elements and when the at least one distributor element rotates about the at least one double lumen shaft oxygenation/decarbonation of blood and simultaneous pumping of blood occurs.

2. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the plurality of selectively fluid-permeable membrane elements extend across a first side of the distributor element and a plurality of fluid impermeable membrane elements extend across a second side of the distributor element, the fluid impermeable membrane elements being coupled to a fluid supply such that a heat exchange fluid can flow through the impermeable membrane elements to maintain the temperature of the blood.

3. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 2, wherein the double lumen shaft comprises a third and a fourth lumen, the third lumen being in fluid communication with the fluid impermeable membrane elements and defining an inlet path for the heat exchange fluid and the fourth lumen being in fluid communication with the fluid impermeable membrane and defining an outlet flow path for the heat exchange fluid.

4. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 2, wherein the blood flows substantially perpendicular to the plurality of fluid impermeable membrane elements.

5. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, further comprising a motor coupled to the shaft that provides power to rotate the shaft.

6. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 5, wherein the shaft is rotatably mounted to the housing, such that the shaft can rotate in two directions to agitate the blood, and the motor can power the shaft to rotate in the two directions.

7. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, further comprising a seal disposed between the housing and the shaft.

8. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the fluid-permeable membrane elements comprise polyethylene.

9. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the fluid-permeable membrane elements comprise polypropylene.

10. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the fluid-permeable membrane elements are coupled to the distributor element with a potting material.

11. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the plurality of selectively fluid-permeable elements comprise a first set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a first direction and parallel to each other across the at least one distributor element and a second set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a second direction and parallel to each other across the at least one distributor element.

12. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the plurality of selectively fluid-permeable elements comprise a first set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a first direction across the at least one distributor element and a second set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a second direction across the at least one distributor element at a preferred angle to the first direction.

13. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the first hollow spoke has a cross-sectional shape of an airfoil.

14. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 1, wherein the oxygen supply plenum extends around about half of the at least one distributor element, and the oxygen return plenum extends around about the other half of the at least one distributor element.

15. A blood pump-oxygenator, comprising:

a housing defining an interior through which blood can flow;

a rotatable shaft, rotatably mounted within the housing, the shaft having a supply lumen through which a first fluid can flow;

a ring, disposed within the interior of the housing and mounted to the rotatable shaft, the ring comprising;

(i) a first side and a second side;

(ii) a plurality of hollow fibers that are fluid permeable and that extend across the first side of the ring;

(iii) a first annular lumen extending along an arc within the ring, the first annular lumen being in fluid communication with the supply lumen and the plurality of hollow fibers, such that as blood passes through the interior of the housing and the shaft and ring are rotated the blood is pumped through the housing and, the first fluid travels from the supply lumen, through the first annular lumen and to the plurality of hollow fibers and diffuses through the plurality of hollow fibers into the blood.

16. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, further comprising a plurality of fluid impermeable membrane elements that extend across the second side of the ring, the fluid impermeable membrane elements being coupled to a fluid supply such that a heat exchange fluid can flow through the impermeable membrane elements to maintain the temperature of the blood.

17. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 16, wherein the shaft comprises a third and a fourth lumen, the third lumen defining an inlet path for the heat exchange fluid and being in fluid communication with the fluid impermeable elements and the fourth lumen defining an outlet flow path for the heat exchange fluid and being in fluid communication with the fluid impermeable elements.

18. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 16, wherein the blood flows substantially perpendicular to the plurality of fluid impermeable membrane elements.

19. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the ring further comprises a first spoke, extending from the supply lumen to the annular lumen, that defines a first radial lumen and a second spoke, extending from the annular lumen to the discharge lumen, that defines a second radial lumen.

20. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 19, wherein the first spoke has a cross-section that comprises an airfoil.

21. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, further comprising a motor coupled to the shaft to drive the shaft and the ring to rotate and thereby pump blood through the blood pumpoxygenator.

22. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 21, wherein the shaft is rotatably mounted to the housing, such that the shaft can rotate in two directions to agitate the blood, and the motor can power the shaft to rotate in the two directions.

23. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the shaft further comprises a discharge lumen that runs substantially parallel to the supply lumen and wherein the first fluid travels through the supply lumen, through the first annular lumen and through the plurality of hollow fibers so that a gas exchange takes place between the blood and the first fluid to define a second fluid that passes through the discharge lumen.

24. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, further comprising a plurality of rings that are each, disposed within the interior of the housing and rotatably mounted to the shaft, each of the plurality of rings comprising:

(i) a plurality of hollow fibers that are fluid permeable extending from the ring; and

(ii) a first annular lumen extending along an arc within the respective ring, the first annular lumen being in fluid communication with the supply lumen.

25. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the plurality of hollow fibers comprise a plurality of fibers of polyethylene.

26. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the plurality of hollow fibers comprise a plurality of fibers of polypropylene.

27. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the plurality of hollow fibers are coupled to the ring with a potting material.

28. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the plurality of hollow fiber comprise a first set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a first direction and parallel to each other across the ring and a second set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a second direction and parallel to each other across the ring.

29. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 15, wherein the plurality of selectively fluid-permeable elements comprise a first set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a first direction across the ring and a second set of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a second direction across the ring at a preferred angle to the first direction.

30. A blood pump-oxygenator, comprising:

a housing defining an interior through which blood can flow;

a shaft, rotatably mounted within the housing, the shaft having a first supply lumen through which a first fluid can flow, a second supply lumen through which a heat exchange fluid can flow, a third lumen that is in fluid communication with the first supply lumen and that defines an outlet path for the first fluid, and a fourth lumen that is in fluid communication with the second supply lumen and that defines an outlet path for the heat exchange fluid;

a ring, disposed within the interior of the housing and mounted to the rotatable shaft, the ring comprising;

(i) a first set of hollow fibers that are fluid permeable extending from the ring;

(ii) a first annular lumen extending along an arc within the ring, the first annular lumen being in fluid communication with the first supply lumen and the third lumen, such that when blood passes through the interior of the housing and the ring is rotated, the first fluid flows from the first supply lumen to the first set of hollow fibers, diffuses through the first set of hollow fibers and into the blood such that a gas exchange takes place with the blood and the first fluid then flows through the third lumen; and

(iii) a second set of hollow fibers that are fluid impermeable extending from the ring, the second set of hollow fibers being in fluid communication with the second supply lumen, such that heat exchange fluid can flow from the second supply lumen, through the second set of hollow fibers where heat transfer occurs between the blood and the heat exchange fluid and the second set of hollow fibers being in fluid communication with the fourth lumen, so that the heat exchange fluid can flow from the second set of hollow fibers to the fourth lumen.

31. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the ring further comprises a first spoke, extending from the first supply lumen to the first annular lumen, to define a first radial lumen and a second spoke, extending from the first annular lumen to the third lumen, to define a second radial lumen.

32. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 31, wherein the first spoke has a cross-section that comprises an airfoil.

33. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, further comprising a motor coupled to the shaft to drive the shaft and the ring to rotate and thereby pump blood through the blood pump-oxygenator.

34. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 33, wherein the shaft is rotatably mounted to the housing, such that the shaft can rotate in two directions, and the motor can power the shaft to rotate in the two directions.

35. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the third lumen runs substantially parallel to the first supply lumen.

36. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, further comprising a plurality of rings that are each, disposed within the interior of the housing and rotatably mounted to the shaft, each of the plurality of rings comprising:

(i) a first set of hollow fibers that are fluid permeable extending from the ring; and

(ii) a first annular lumen extending along an arc within the respective ring, the first annular lumen being in fluid communication with the first supply lumen.

37. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the first set of hollow fibers comprise a plurality of fibers of polyethylene.

38. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the first set of hollow fibers comprise a plurality of fibers of polypropylene.

39. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the first set of hollow fibers are coupled to the ring with a potting material.

40. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the first set of hollow fibers comprise a first group of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a first direction and parallel to each other across the ring and a second group of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a second direction and parallel to each other across the ring.

41. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the first set of hollow fibers comprise a first group of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a first direction across the ring and a second group of selectively fluid-permeable elements that extend in a second direction across the ring that is at a preferred angle to the first direction.

42. The blood pump-oxygenator of claim 30, wherein the blood flows substantially perpendicular to the second set of hollow fibers.