Method and apparatus for mapping cortical connections

• US 6,256,531 B1
• Filed: 04/01/1999
• Issued: 07/03/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 10/30/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Nexstim OY
• Original Assignee: Jari Karhu, Jarmo Ruohonen, Juha Virtanen, Risto Ilmoniemi
• Inventors: Karhu, Jari, Virtanen, Juha, Ilmoniemi, Risto, Ruohonen, Jarmo
• Primary Examiner(s): Nasser, Robert L.
• Application Number:
  US09/269,831
• Time in Patent Office: 824 Days
• Field of Search: 600/544, 600/545, 600/300
• US Class Current: 600/544
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/245 specially adapted for magnetoencephalographic [MEG] signals
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/377 using evoked responses
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/383 Somatosensory stimuli, e.g. electric stimulation
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7217 of noise originating from a therapeutic or surgical apparatus, e.g. from a pacemaker
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 2/006 for magnetic stimulation of nerve tissue
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 2/02 using magnetic fields produced by coils, including single turn loops or electromagnets A61N2/12 takes precedence

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for examining and mapping the reactivity of and connections between different cortical areas. In the method an electromagnetic stimulus is induced in the interior parts of the head and the electromagnetic field generated around the skull is measured by electrical means (1). According to the method, the electromagnetic activity of the brain is measured using multichannel equipment, artefacts caused by the stimulus are eliminated from the signal containing the electromagnetic activity, a visualization of the activity changes in the measured signals is formed, and the areas of the head related to said activity generating said electromagnetic field are localized, or alternatively, the maximum of the sensitivity pattern of the multichannel activity measurement system is focused to a desired point.

Claims

1. A method of examining and mapping the reactivity of and connections between different cortical areas of a subject, said method comprising:

inducing an electromagnetic stimulus pulse in the interior of the subject'"'"'s head,

measuring a multichannel response signal representing electromagnetic activity generated by the subject'"'"'s brain in response to the electromagnetic stimulus pulse by multichannel electrical means,

stabilizing or clamping said multichannel response signal during at least one stage of the measurement for the duration of the stimulus pulse in order to minimize disturbance artefacts in said multichannel response signal caused by application of the stimulus pulse,

forming a visualization of activity changes in the measured signals, and

localizing the activity generating the measured electromagnetic field to the respective areas of the head, or alternatively focusing the sensitivity pattern of the multichannel activity measurement to a desired point.

2. A method according to claim 1, including measuring said electromagnetic field by EEG techniques.

3. A method according to claim 1, including measuring said electromagnetic field by MEG techniques.

4. A method according to claim 1, including measuring said electromagnetic field by EEG and MEG techniques.

5. A method according to claim 1, including adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic stimulation during a test session according to the electromagnetic response obtained in the measurement.

6. A method according to claim 5, comprising adjusting the magnitude of the stimulation automatically.

7. A method according to claim 1, comprising monitoring said responses and, in the case that the measured signals indicate characteristic features of an onsetting epileptic fit or other abnormal activity, limiting the magnitude of the stimulation.

8. A method according to claim 1, comprising measuring the artefact components using a stimulus pulse amplitude smaller than that required for a minimal response and subtracting the artefacts thus identified from responses measured using a stimulus pulse amplitude larger than that of the minimal response, and weighting the artefact measured in the first step by the ratio of the stimulus pulse amplitudes prior to said subtraction in order to permit elimination by subtraction of the artefact directly coupled from the stimulus pulse.

9. A method according to claim 1, including using a computer for controlling the focusing of the stimulation in order to scan an area of the brain, whereby the computer compiles and displays reactivity and connection maps.

10. A method according to claim 1, comprising measuring evoked-response signals related to sensory stimuli, stimulating an area of the brain by electromagnetic fields and using EEG for measuring changes of EEG signals due to said sensory stimuli under said electromagnetic stimulation.

11. A method according to claim 1, comprising using the reactivity test for improving safety.

12. A method according to claim 1, including assessing on-line effects of applied therapy during a therapy session from recorded changes in brain reactivity.

13. A method according to claim 1, including on-line or off-line planning of the stimulation method to be applied on the subject on the basis of reactivity and connection maps produced with the help of the stimulator apparatus.

14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the multichannel electrical means includes an amplifier for receiving the multichannel response signal and generating an output signal, and the method includes controlling the amplifier with an external control signal that forces the amplifier into a predetermined state for the duration of the stimulus pulse.

15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the multichannel electrical means includes an amplifier for receiving the multichannel response signal and generating an output signal, the amplifier includes logic circuitry for identifying the stimulus pulse, and the method includes forcing the amplifier into a predetermined state for the duration of the stimulus pulse.

16. A method according to claim 1, wherein the multichannel electrical means includes an amplifier for receiving the multichannel response signal and generating an output signal, the amplifier includes a stage that saturates in the event that the input signal level exceeds a predetermined threshold level.

17. An apparatus for examining and mapping the reactivity of and connections between different cortical areas of a subject, said apparatus comprising:

a stimulating means for inducing an electromagnetic stimulus pulse in the interior of the subject'"'"'s head, and

a multichannel electrical measurement means for recording the electromagnetic field generated around the skull, said multichannel electrical measurement means including a clamping or stabilizing means for clamping or stabilizing the input signal of the multichannel electrical measurement means during at least one stage of the measurement for the duration of the stimulus pulse in order to minimize disturbance artefacts caused by application of the stimulus pulse,

an evoked-response analysis means for forming a graphic or numeric visualization of the signals measured by the multichannel electrical measurement means, and

a localizing means for localizing the areas of the head related to the activity generating the measured electromagnetic field.

18. An apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the electrode conductors are made over their partial or entire length from a material of relatively low conductivity.

19. An apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the multichannel electrical measurement means includes an EEG amplifier having so wide a passband, advantageously extending above 1000 Hz, and so fast a recovery (advantageously within 1-2 ms) from saturation that the artefact component caused by the stimulus pulse can decay before the responses to be measured are activated.

20. A method for examining and mapping the reactivity of and connections between different cortical areas of a subject using apparatus that comprises a stimulating means for inducing an electromagnetic stimulus pulse in the interior of the subject'"'"'s head and a multichannel electrical measurement means for recording the electromagnetic field generated around the skull,

wherein the method comprises

clamping or stabilizing the input signal of the multichannel electrical measurement means during at least one stage of the measurement for the duration of the stimulus pulse in order to minimize disturbance artefacts caused by application of the stimulus pulse,

processing the signals measured by the multichannel electrical measurement means to form a visualization of changes in electromagnetic activity, and

localizing the areas of the head related to the activity generating the measured electromagnetic field.