Electrode materials, systems and methods for the electrochemical detection of nitric oxide
First Claim
1. An electrode for detecting nitric-oxide having a surface region formed of a material which, at an electrochemical working potential thereof, complexes with nitric oxide when exposed to a nitric oxide-containing fluid, and which exhibits maximal nitric oxide response after being held, prior to nitric oxide exposure, at a pre-conditioning potential different from the working potential thereof, followed by subsequent conditioning at the working potential thereof.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide-specific electrodes are useful for in situ detection of nitric oxide in biomedical applications and have at least a surface region capable of forming complexes with nitric oxide. The nitric oxide complexes formed at the surface of the electrodes apparently increase the concentration of nitric oxide available for detection, leading to significantly improved relative responses as compared to other known nitric oxide electrode materials. The electrode has at least an exterior surface region which contains ruthenium and/or at least one oxide of ruthenium. The electrodes are pre-conditioned at a potential, or potentials, different than the working potential of the electrode, followed by further conditioning at the working potential. Direct response to nitric oxide has been observed for ruthenium electrodes at or below potentials about +675 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, while ruthenium electrodes paradoxical response to nitric oxide has been observed at potentials above +675 mV vs. Ag/Cl.
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68 Claims
- 1. An electrode for detecting nitric-oxide having a surface region formed of a material which, at an electrochemical working potential thereof, complexes with nitric oxide when exposed to a nitric oxide-containing fluid, and which exhibits maximal nitric oxide response after being held, prior to nitric oxide exposure, at a pre-conditioning potential different from the working potential thereof, followed by subsequent conditioning at the working potential thereof.
- 29. An electrode for the detection of nitric oxide in a biological sample having a surface region formed of a material which, at an electrochemical working potential thereof, complexes with nitric oxide when exposed to a nitric oxide-containing fluid, and which exhibits maximal nitric oxide response after being held, prior to nitric oxide exposure, at a pre-conditioning potential different from the working potential thereof, followed by subsequent conditioning at the working potential thereof.
- 41. A method of making an electrode for the detection of nitric oxide having a surface region formed of a material which, at an electrochemical working potential thereof, complexes with nitric oxide when exposed to a nitric oxide-containing fluid, which method comprises conditioning at least the surface region of the electrode by (i) subjecting the surface region to one or more pre-conditioning potential(s) different from the working potential, and then subsequently (ii) subjecting the surface region to conditioning at the working potential.
- 48. A nitric oxide detector system comprising an electrode having a surface region formed of a material which complexes with nitric oxide when exposed to a nitric oxide-containing fluid, a mechanical support for the electrode, and electrical conductors to electrically connect the electrode to an electrochemical instrument.
- 55. A nitric oxide detector system comprising a probe assembly which includes a plurality of individual electrodes, at least one of which is formed of a material which complexes with nitric oxide in response to contact with a nitric oxide-containing fluid and generates a signal in response thereto, an electrochemical instrument which receives said signal and outputs a signal indicative of nitric oxide presence in said fluid, and instrument cabling which operatively connects the individual electrodes to said electrochemical instrument.
- 62. A method of detecting a pathological condition which produces or suppresses nitric oxide comprising bringing an electrode which complexes with nitric oxide into nitric oxide detecting proximity of a biological sample, measuring nitric oxide present in the sample, whereby a pathological condition which produces or suppresses nitric oxide can be determined.
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