Source-assisted attenuation correction for emission computed tomography

• US 6,310,968 B1
• Filed: 11/24/1998
• Issued: 10/30/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 11/24/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Original Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Inventors: Gagnon, Daniel, Hawkins, William G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Mancuso, Joseph
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tabatabai, Abolfazl
• Application Number:
  US09/198,787
• Time in Patent Office: 1,071 Days
• Field of Search: 382/131, 382/128, 382/129, 250/363.04, 378/4, 364/414
• US Class Current: 382/131
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/037 Emission tomography
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1615 using both transmission and emission sources simultaneously SPECT imaging G01T1/1642; PET imaging G01T1/2985; detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects G01V5/20
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2985 In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis); using external radiation sources A61B6/02

Abstract

A method of ML-EM image reconstruction is provided for use in connection with a diagnostic imaging apparatus (10) that generates projection data. The method includes collecting projection data, including measured emission projection data. An initial emission map and attenuation map are assumed. The emission map and the attenuation map are iteratively updated. With each iteration, the emission map is recalculated by taking a previous emission map and adjusting it based upon: (i) the measured emission projection data; (ii) a reprojection of the previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model; and, (iii) a reprojection of the attenuation map. As well, with each iteration, the attenuation map is recalculated by taking a previous attenuation map and adjusting it based upon: (i) the measured emission projection data; and, (ii) a reprojection of the previous emission map which is carried out with the multi-dimensional projection model. In a preferred embodiment, with source-assisted reconstruction, the recalculation of the attenuation map is additionally based upon: (iii) measured transmission projection data; and, (iv) a reference or blank data set of measured transmission projection data taken without the subject present in the imaging apparatus (10).

Claims

1. A method of ML-EM image reconstruction for use in connection with a diagnostic imaging apparatus that generates projection data comprising:

(a) collecting projection data including measured emission projection data;

(b) assuming an initial emission map;

(c) assuming an initial attenuation map;

(d) iteratively updating the emission map and the attenuation map;

(e) with each iteration, recalculating the emission map by taking a previous emission map and adjusting it based upon;

(i) the measured emission projection data;

(ii) a reprojection of the previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model; and

, (iii) a reprojection of the attenuation map; and

,

(f) with each iteration, recalculating the attenuation map by taking a previous attenuation map and adjusting it based upon;

(i) the measured emission projection data; and

, (ii) the reprojection of the previous emission map which is carried out with the multi-dimensional projection model.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the diagnostic imaging apparatus is selected from a group consisting of PET scanners and SPECT scanners.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the multi-dimensional projection model includes one or more of the following:

scatter corrections, randoms corrections, geometric point response corrections, and cross-talk corrections.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of collecting projection data further includes collecting measured transmission projection data.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the adjustment to the previous attenuation map in the recalculating step is also made based upon the measured transmission projection data.

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of collecting projection data further includes collecting a blank set of transmission projection data which is collected without a subject present in the diagnostic imaging apparatus.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the adjustment to the previous attenuation map in the recalculating step is also made based upon the blank set of transmission projection data.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the assumed initial attenuation map is selected from:

a uniform nonzero attenuation value inside a predetermined contour which contains the subject and a value of zero outside the contour; and

an attenuation map based on a priori knowledge of the attenuation map.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the assumed initial emission map is selected from:

a uniform nonzero value inside a predetermined contour which contains the subject and a value of zero outside the contour; and

an emission map based on a priori knowledge of the emission map.

8. A method of ML-EM image reconstruction for use in connection with a diagnostic imaging apparatus that generates projection data comprising:

(a) collecting projection data including measured emission projection data;

(b) assuming an initial emission map;

(c) assuming an initial attenuation map;

(d) iteratively updating the emission map and the attenuation map;

(e) with each iteration, recalculating the emission map by taking a previous emission map and adjusting it based upon;

(i) the measured emission projection data;

(ii) a reprojection of the previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model; and

, (iii) a reprojection of the attenuation map; and

,

(f) with each iteration, recalculating the attenuation map by taking a previous attenuation map and adjusting it based upon;

(i) the measured emission projection data; and

, (ii) the reprojection of the previous emission map which is carried out with the multi-dimensional projection model, wherein the adjustment to the attenuation map in the recalculating step is not based upon measured transmission projection data.

9. A medical diagnostic imaging apparatus for reconstructing image representations of a subject being examined therewith comprising:

an emission memory which stores measured emission projection data from the subject;

an image memory which stores emission maps;

an attenuation map memory which stores attenuation maps;

a first projector which generates emission map projections via forward projection of the emission maps from the image memory, said projector using a first multi-dimensional projection model;

a second projector which generates attenuation map projections via forward projection of the attenuation maps from the attenuation map memory, said projector using a second multi-dimensional projection model;

a first data processor which samples the emission memory, and the first projector, and in accordance therewith updates the attenuation maps stored in the attenuation map memory;

a second data processor which samples the emission memory, the first projector, and the second projector, and in accordance therewith updates the emission maps stored in the image memory; and

,

a human-viewable display which renders reconstructed images representations of the subject from the emission maps.

10. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:

a scanner selected from a group consisting of a SPECT scanner and a PET scanner, said scanner being employed to collect the emission projection data from the subject.

11. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising:

a transmission memory which stores measured transmission projection data from the subject, wherein the scanner collects said transmission projection data.

12. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the first data processor also samples the transmission memory when it updates the attenuation maps stored in the attenuation map memory, such that the update is also made in accordance therewith.

13. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising:

a reference memory which stores transmission projection data from a blank scanner run performed without the subject present in the scanner.

14. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first data processor also samples the reference memory when it updates the attenuation maps stored in the attenuation map memory, such that the update is also made in accordance therewith.

15. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the updates performed by the first data processor are not made based upon measured transmission projection data.

16. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the updates made by the first and second data processors are iterative.

17. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first and second projection models are not the same.

18. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first and second projection models are the same.

26. The medical diagnostic imaging apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the measured transmission projection data includes transmission projection data of poor statistical quality.

21. A method of ML-EM reconstruction for use in connection with a diagnostic imaging apparatus, the method comprising:

(a) collecting emission projection data;

(b) estimating an emission map;

(c) estimating an attenuation map;

(d) adjusting the emission map using;

(i) the measured emission projection data;

(ii) a reprojection of a previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model; and

(iii) a reprojection of the attenuation map;

(e) adjusting the attenuation map using;

(i) the measured emission projection data;

and

(ii) a reprojection of a previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model;

(f) iteratively repeating steps (d) and (e) until an emission map and attenuation map are reconstructed which optimize a likelihood probability function.

22. A method of ML-EM reconstruction for use in connection with a diagnostic imaging apparatus, the method comprising:

(a) collecting transmission projection data;

(b) estimating an attenuation map;

(c) estimating an emission map;

(d) collecting emission projection data;

(e) adjusting the emission map using;

(i) the measured emission projection data;

(ii) a reprojection of a previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model; and

(iii) a reprojection of the attenuation map;

(f) adjusting the attenuation map using a combination of;

(i) the collected emission projection data; and

(ii) a reprojection of a previous emission map which is carried out with a multi-dimensional projection model;

(g) iteratively repeating steps (e) and (f) until an emission map and attenuation map are reconstructed which optimize a likelihood probability function.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the transmission projection data includes a blank set of transmission projection data collected without a subject present in the diagnostic imaging apparatus.

24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the transmission projection data includes transmission projection data of poor statistical quality.

25. A medical diagnostic imaging apparatus for reconstructing image representations of a subject being examined therewith comprising:

an emission memory which stores measured emission projection data from the subject;

an image memory which stores emission maps;

an attenuation map memory which stores attenuation maps;

a first projector which generates emission map projections via forward projection of the emission maps from the image memory, said projector using a first multi-dimensional projection model;

a second projector which generates attenuation map projections via forward projection of the attenuation maps from the attenuation map memory, said projector using a second multi-dimensional projection model;

a first data processor which samples the emission memory, and the first projector, and in accordance therewith updates the attenuation maps stored in the attenuation map memory, wherein the updates are not made based upon measured transmission projection data;

a second data processor which samples the emission memory, the first projector, and the second projector, and in accordance therewith updates the emission maps stored in the image memory; and

,

a human-viewable display which renders reconstructed images representations of the subject from the emission maps.

27. A medical diagnostic imaging apparatus for reconstructing image representations of a subject being examined therewith comprising:

an emission memory which stores measured emission projection data from the subject;

an image memory which stores emission maps;

an attenuation map memory which stores attenuation maps;

a first projector which generates emission map projections via forward projection of the emission maps from the image memory, said projector using a first multi-dimensional projection model;

a second projector which generates attenuation map projections via forward projection of the attenuation maps from the attenuation map memory, said projector using a second multi-dimensional projection model;

a first data processor which samples the emission memory, and the first projector, and in accordance therewith updates the attenuation maps stored in the attenuation map memory;

a second data processor which samples the emission memory, the first projector, and the second projector, and in accordance therewith updates the emission maps stored in the image memory, wherein the updates made by the first and second data processors iteratively optimize a likelihood probability function; and

,

a human-viewable display which renders reconstructed images representations of the subject from the emission maps.