Channel-switched tunable laser for DWDM communications

• US 6,324,204 B1
• Filed: 10/19/1999
• Issued: 11/27/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 10/19/1999
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Original Assignee: Sparkolor Corp. (Intel Corporation)
• Inventors: Deacon, David A. G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Davie, James W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): MONBLEAU, DAVIENNE N
• Application Number:
  US09/421,866
• Time in Patent Office: 770 Days
• Field of Search: 372/34, 372/20, 372/50, 372/94, 372/96, 385/4, 385/5, 385/8, 385/10, 385/14, 385/129, 385/132
• US Class Current: 372/96
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12097 Ridge, rib or the like
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12107 Grating
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12109 Filter
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12119 Bend
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12164 Multiplexing; Demultiplexing
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12007 forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/1228 Tapered waveguides, e.g. integrated spot-size transformers for coupling with fibres G02B6/305
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/136 by etching
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/4202 for coupling an active element with fibres without intermediate optical elements, e.g. fibres with plane ends, fibres with shaped ends, bundles
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/4212 the intermediate optical element being a coupling medium interposed therebetween, e.g. epoxy resin, refractive index matching material, index grease, matching liquid or gel
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/0147 based on thermo-optic effects G02F1/132 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/065 in an optical waveguide structure
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/1326 Liquid crystal optical waveguides or liquid crystal cells specially adapted for gating or modulating between optical waveguides
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2201/307 Reflective grating, i.e. Bragg grating
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2202/022 polymeric
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0612 controlled by temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0622 Controlling the frequency of the radiation
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/141 using a wavelength selective device, e.g. a grating or etalon H01S5/146 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/50 Amplifier structures not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30

Abstract

Laser source including materials with negative index of refraction dependence on temperature and with temperature independent coincidence between cavity modes and a set of specified frequencies such as DWDM channels in telecommunications applications. The free spectral range may be adjusted to equal a rational fraction of the specified frequency interval. The operating frequency may be defined by a frequency selective feedback element that is thermo-optically tuned by the application of heat from an actuator without substantially tuning the cavity modes. The operating frequency may be induced to hop digitally between the specified frequencies. In a particular embodiment, semiconductor amplifier and polymer waveguide segments form a linear resonator with a thermo-optically tuned grating reflector. In a further embodiment, an amplifier and two waveguides from a tunable grating assisted coupler form a ring resonator. Tuning may also be accomplished by means of applying an electric field across a liquid crystal portion of the waveguide structure within the grating.

Claims

1. A thermally tuned laser source with an athermal resonator comprising:

a laser gain medium,

an intracavity waveguide segment optically coupled to said gain medium, and

thermo-optic feedback means for defining a resonant laser cavity including said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segment, said thermo-optic feedback means including heating means for tuning a frequency of operation of said laser cavity,

wherein said gain medium is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature and said intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a negative refractive index change with increases in temperature, said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segments having optical path lengths chosen such that a round trip optical path in said cavity has a substantially net zero optical length change with increase of temperature profile of said optical path.

2. The source of claim 1 wherein said gain medium is a semiconductor laser medium.

3. The source of claim 1 wherein said gain medium further includes an antireflection coating.

4. The source of claim 1 wherein said intracavity waveguide segment comprises a polymer structure, said polymer material having said negative refractive index change for increases in temperature.

5. The source of claim 1 wherein said intracavity waveguide segment is butt coupled to said gain medium.

6. The source of claim 1 wherein said thermo-optic feedback means includes a grating structure.

7. The source of claim 6 wherein said grating structure is formed on a second waveguide segment coupled to said optical path in said cavity, said second waveguide segment having a temperature dependent refractive index, and wherein said heating means changes a temperature of said second waveguide segment.

8. The source of claim 1 wherein said resonant laser cavity is a bidirectional resonator.

9. The source of claim 1 wherein said optical path in said cavity has a length that defines a free spectral range of said resonant cavity that is a rational fraction of a specified communication frequency channel spacing within an optical frequency band corresponding to said gain medium.

10. The source of claim 1 wherein said optical path in said cavity has a length that defines longitudinal modes of said resonant cavity and said tuning comprises switching said frequency of operation between said longitudinal modes.

11. The source of claim 1 wherein said resonant laser cavity is a ring resonator.

12. The source of claim 1 wherein said increase in said temperature profile is approximately uniform across said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segment.

13. The source of claim 1 wherein said increase of temperature profile results from environmental temperature change.

14. The source of claim 1 wherein said increase of temperature profile occurs with constant excitation of said gain medium.

15. The source of claim 1 wherein said heating means overlaps a portion of said optical path and wherein said increase of temperature profile occurs with constant excitation of said heating means.

16. The source of claim 1 wherein in another portion of its structure said intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature.

17. A tunable laser source comprising:

a laser gain medium,

an intracavity waveguide segment optically coupled to said gain medium, and

electro-optic feedback means for defining a resonant laser cavity including said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segment, said electro-optic feedback means including electrode means for tuning a frequency of operation of said laser cavity,

wherein said gain medium is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature and said intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a negative refractive index change with increases in temperature, said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segments having optical path lengths chosen such that a round trip optical path in said resonant cavity has an optical length that is substantially independent of ambient temperature over a specified ambient temperature range.

18. The source of claim 17 wherein said gain medium is a semiconductor laser medium.

19. The source of claim 17 wherein said gain medium further includes an antireflection coating.

20. The source of claim 17 wherein said intracavity waveguide segment comprises a polymer structure, said polymer material having said negative refractive index change for increases in temperature.

21. The source of claim 17 wherein said intracavity waveguide segment is butt coupled to said gain medium.

22. The source of claim 17 wherein said electro-optic feedback means includes a grating structure.

23. The source of claim 22 wherein said grating structure is formed on a second waveguide segment coupled to said optical path in said cavity, said second waveguide segment having an electric field dependent refractive index, and wherein said electrode means changes the electric field in said second waveguide segment.

24. The source of claim 23 wherein said second waveguide segment comprises a poled polymer structure, said poled polymer structure having said electric field dependent refractive index.

25. The source of claim 17 wherein said resonant laser cavity is a bidirectional resonator.

26. The source of claim 17 wherein said optical path in said cavity has a length that defines a free spectral range of said resonant cavity that is a rational fraction of a specified communication frequency channel spacing within an optical frequency band corresponding to said gain medium.

27. The source of claim 17 wherein said optical path in said cavity has a length that defines longitudinal modes of said resonant cavity and said tuning comprises switching said frequency of operation between said longitudinal modes.

28. The source of claim 17 wherein said resonant laser cavity is a ring resonator.

29. The source of claim 28 wherein said ring resonator contains a grating assisted coupler.

30. The source of claim 17 wherein in another portion of its structure said intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature.

31. The source of claim 17 wherein said electro-optic feedback means contains a liquid crystal material, said liquid crystal material having said electric field dependent refractive index.

32. The source of claim 31 wherein said liquid crystal material is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal.

33. An athermal laser source comprising:

a laser gain medium,

an intracavity waveguide segment optically coupled to said gain medium, and

frequency selective feedback means having a feedback bandwidth and defining a resonant laser cavity including said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segment, said feedback bandwidth being sufficiently narrow compared to the free spectral range of said cavity so that only one of the longitudinal modes of said cavity is substantially excited by said gain medium,

wherein said gain medium is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature and said intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a negative refractive index change with increases in temperature, said gain medium and intracavity waveguide segments having optical path lengths chosen such that a round trip optical path in said resonant cavity has an optical length that is substantially independent of ambient temperature over a specified ambient temperature range.

34. The source of claim 33 wherein said gain medium is a semiconductor laser medium.

35. The source of claim 33 wherein said gain medium further includes an antireflection coating.

36. The source of claim 33 wherein said intracavity waveguide segment comprises a polymer structure, said polymer material having said negative refractive index change for increases in temperature.

37. The source of claim 33 wherein said intracavity waveguide segment is butt coupled to said gain medium.

38. The source of claim 33 wherein said frequency selective feedback means includes a grating structure.

39. The source of claim 38 further comprising

a heating means disposed in said frequency selective feedback means, for tuning a frequency of operation of said laser cavity wherein

said grating structure is formed on a second waveguide segment coupled to said optical path in said cavity, said second waveguide segment having a temperature dependent refractive index, and wherein said heating means changes the temperature in said second waveguide segment.

40. The source of claim 39 wherein said second waveguide segment comprises a polymer structure, said polymer structure having said temperature dependent refractive index.

41. The source of claim 33 wherein said resonant laser cavity is a bidirectional resonator.

42. The source of claim 41 wherein said bidirectional resonator contains a grating assisted coupler.

43. The source of claim 33 wherein said optical path in said cavity has a length that defines a free spectral range of said resonant cavity that is a rational fraction of a specified communication frequency channel spacing within an optical frequency band corresponding to said gain medium.

44. The source of claim 33 wherein said optical path in said cavity has a length that defines longitudinal modes of said resonant cavity and said tuning comprises switching said frequency of operation between said longitudinal modes.

45. The source of claim 33 wherein said resonant laser cavity is a ring resonator.

46. The source of claim 33 wherein in another portion of its structure said intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature.

47. The source of claim 33 wherein said frequency selective feedback means is substantially independent of temperature.

48. The source of claim 47 wherein said frequency selective feedback means comprises an electro-optical feedback element, and an electrode actuator for applying an electric field in said feedback element to produce a change in refractive index of said feedback element for tuning said feedback bandwidth.

49. The source of claim 33 wherein said frequency selective feedback means comprises a thermo-optical feedback element, and a thermal actuator for heating said feedback element to produce a change in refractive index of said feedback element for tuning said feedback bandwidth.

50. A ring laser apparatus comprising:

a laser gain medium,

first and second waveguide segments optically coupled to said laser gain medium; and

a frequency selective means for coupling optical energy between said first and second waveguide segments and also coupling a portion of said optical energy out of at least one of said waveguide segments to form an optical output,

wherein said laser gain medium and said optically coupled first and second waveguide segments form a ring resonator having a round trip optical path characterized by a round trip optical length, at least one of said waveguide segments characterized by a negative refractive index change with increases in temperature and having a length chosen such that the round trip optical length is athermal.

51. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein at least one of said waveguides is coupled to an optical output.

52. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said frequency selective means comprises a reflective grating.

53. The apparatus of claim 52 wherein said reflective grating is formed over a pair of waveguides coupled to said respective first and second waveguide segments at a first end, a second end of at least one of said waveguide coupled to an output optical port.

54. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said frequency selective means comprises a forward coupling grating, having a first waveguide coupled to said first waveguide segment at a first end of said grating and a second waveguide coupled to said second waveguide segment at a second end of said grating, said first and second waveguides having different propagation constants and said grating characterized by a wavenumber matched to the difference in propagation constants between the two waveguides.

55. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein one of said first and second waveguides is characterized by a negative refractive index change with increases in temperature and has heating means associated therewith for tuning said frequency selective means.

56. The apparatus of claim 55 wherein the other of said first and second waveguides is characterized by a substantially equal and opposite positive refractive index charge with increases in temperature and also has heating means associated therewith.

57. The apparatus of claim 55 wherein said laser gain medium has heating means operated in coordination with said heating means associated with said forward coupling grating.

58. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein one of said first and second waveguides is characterized by an electric field dependent refractive index and has electrode means associated therewith for applying an electric field thereto.

59. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said round trip optical length defines a free spectral range of said ring resonator that is a rational fraction of a specified communication frequency channel spacing.

60. An athermal ring laser source comprising:

a laser gain medium,

an first intracavity waveguide segment optically coupled to said gain medium,

an second intracavity waveguide segment optically coupled to said gain medium, and

frequency selective feedback means disposed to couple optical energy between said first and second waveguide segments having a feedback bandwidth and defining a resonant ring cavity including said gain medium and said first and second intracavity waveguide segments,

wherein said gain medium is characterized by a positive refractive index change with increase in temperature and said first intracavity waveguide segment is characterized by a negative refractive index change with increases in temperature, said gain medium and first intracavity waveguide segments having optical path lengths chosen such that a round trip optical path in said resonant ring cavity has an optical length that is substantially independent of ambient temperature over a specified ambient temperature range.

61. The source of claim 60 wherein said frequency selective feedback means is a grating structure.

62. The source of claim 61 wherein said grating structure is a reflective grating.

63. The source of claim 60 wherein optical energy is output from both said first and second intracavity waveguide segments.