Surface form measurement

• US 6,327,788 B1
• Filed: 01/20/1999
• Issued: 12/11/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 12/07/1995
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Taylor Hobson Limited (Ametek Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Taylor Hobson Limited (Ametek Incorporated)
• Inventors: Mills, Michael, White, Roy George, Seddon, Peter, Whittle, Derek Roger, Scott, Paul James
• Primary Examiner(s): Gibson, Randy W.
• Application Number:
  US09/091,035
• Time in Patent Office: 1,056 Days
• Field of Search: 33/542, 33/543, 33/545, 33/549, 33/550, 33/551, 33/552, 33/553, 33/554
• US Class Current: 33/551
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 5/008 using coordinate measuring machines
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 5/201 for measuring roundness

Abstract

A nominally cylindrical surface of a workpiece is sensed by a stylus displaceable radially of an axis of rotation of the surface relative to a support column defining a reference datum so that the stylus follows the cylindrical surface at a given height along the surface. Relative rotation of the workpiece and the stylus about the axis of rotation of the surface is effected and the displacement of the stylus used to determine information relating to the radial form of the surface at that height. These measurements are represented at different heights along the surface so as to determine its cylindrical form. The displacement of the stylus from a given position on the surface at each height before and after rotation of the stylus and workpiece through 180° are measured and the resulting measurements used to compensate for any error or deviation in the reference datum.

Claims

1. A method of determining information relating to the form of a surface of an object such as a workpiece, which method comprises sensing the surface using sensing means displaceable relative to a reference datum so as to follow the surface, effecting relative rotation about a rotation axis between the surface and the sensing means and using measurements made by the sensing means as the sensing means follows the surface during the relative rotation to determine information relating to the form of the surface, which method further comprises causing the sensing means to make a measurement at each of at least two positions equiangularly spaced apart around the axis of rotation so that the direction relative to the reference datum from which the sensing means senses the surface differs from each of the at least two positions and combining the measurements to compensate for error or deviation in the reference datum.

4. A method of determining the form of a surface which is nominally symmetric about an axis, which method comprises using a method in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3 at a number of different distances along the said axis of the surface to determine the form of the surface.

5. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, which comprises using two measurements made at positions spaced apart by 180°

to compensate for deviation or error in the reference datum.

7. A method according to claim 4, which comprises determining a deviation or error in the reference datum from the difference between the two measurements.

8. A method according to claim 1, which comprises using a sensing means having two opposed sensing elements for sensing simultaneously two opposed locations on the surface.

9. A method according to claim 8, which comprises using the sensing means to make a first measurement of the distance between the two opposed locations by determining the relative separation of the two sensing elements, determining the displacement of each sensing element from the reference datum, combining the two displacements to provide a second measurement of the distance between the two opposed locations, and comparing the first and second distance measurements to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum.

10. A method according to claim 1, which comprises making measurements at two opposed locations using a sensing means having a single sensing element biassable toward each of the two opposed positions and reversing the biassing between the two sets of measurements.

11. A method according to claim 1, which comprises fitting measurements made at each of the at least two positions to a respective circle and subtracting one of the circles from the average of the circles for the at least two positions to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum.

12. A method according to claim 1, which comprises compensating for error or deviation in the reference datum by adding to the measurements made at one of the at least two positions the difference between a circle fitted to the measurements at that position and the average of circles fitted to the measurements made at each of the at least two positions.

13. A method according to claim 1, which comprises using the sensing means to make at least two measurements at different degrees of relative rotation between the surface and the sensing means of each of a set of locations distributed around the rotation axis.

14. A method according to claim 1, which comprises providing a number of sensing means spaced apart along the reference datum for enabling measurements to be made simultaneously at locations spaced apart in the rotation axis direction.

15. A method according to claim 1, which comprises effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means by mounting the surface on a rotatable support and rotating the support.

16. A method according to claim 1, which comprises effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means by rotatably mounting the sensing means to a support and rotating the sensing means.

2. A method of determining information relating to the form of a surface of an object such as a workpiece, which method comprises sensing the surface using sensing means displaceable relative to a reference datum so as to follow the surface, effecting relative rotation about a rotation axis between the surface and the sensing means and using measurements made by the sensing means as the sensing means follows the surface during the relative rotation to determine information relating to the form of the surface which method further comprises causing the sensing means to make a measurement of the displacement of a location on the surface from the reference datum when that location is at each of at least two positions equiangularly spaced apart around the axis of rotation and combining the measurements to compensate for error or deviation in the reference datum.

3. A method according to claim 2, which comprises determining the mean of the at least two measurements to obtain a value for the radius at that location.

6. A method of determining the form of a surface which is nominally symmetric about an axis, which method comprises sensing the surface using sensing means displaceable relative to a reference datum so as to follow the surface, effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means and using the sensing means to make measurements at a number of different measurement distances or heights along the said axis of the surface to determine the form of the surface, which further comprises, for each measurement distance along the said axis, using the sensing means to obtain a first measurement of the displacement from the reference datum of a location on the surface, effecting relative rotation through 810°

between the surface and the sensing means and then using the sensing means to obtain a second measurement of the displacement from the reference datum of the same location on the surface and using the mean of the first and second measurements to provide data representing that location.

33. A method according to claim 6, which comprises determining a deviation or error in the reference datum from the difference between the two measurements.

34. A method according to claim 6, which comprises using a sensing means having two opposed sensing elements for sensing simultaneously two opposed locations on the surface.

35. A method according to claim 34, which comprises using the sensing means to make a first measurement of the distance between the two opposed locations by determining the relative separation of the two sensing elements, determining the displacement of each sensing element from the reference datum, combining the two displacements to provide a second measurement of the distance between the two opposed locations, and comparing the first and second distance measurements to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum.

36. A method according to claim 6, which comprises making measurements at two opposed locations using a sensing means having a single sensing element biassable toward each of the two opposed positions and reversing the biassing between the two sets of measurements.

37. A method according to claim 6, which comprises fitting measurements made at each of the at least two positions to a respective circle and subtracting one of the circles from the average of the circles for the at least two positions to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum.

38. A method according to claim 6, which comprises compensating for error or deviation in the reference datum by adding to the measurements made at one of the at least two positions the difference between a circle fitted to the measurements at that position and the average of circles fitted to the measurements made at each of the at least two positions.

39. A method according to claim 6, which comprises effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means by mounting the surface on a rotatable support and rotating the support.

17. Apparatus for determining information relating to the form of a surface of an object such as a workpiece, comprising:

sensing means displaceable relative to a reference datum so as to follow the surface;

means for effecting relative rotation between the surface and the sensing means;

means for determining from measurements made by the sensing means as the sensing means follows the surface during the relative rotation information relating to the form of the surface; and

processing means for combining measurements made by the sensing means at each of at least two positions equiangularly spaced apart around the axis of rotation so that the direction relative to the reference datum from which the sensing means senses that location differs for each of the at least two positions to compensate for error or deviation in the reference datum.

20. Apparatus according to claim 17, 18 or 19, further comprising means for using the sensing means to make measurements at a number of different distances along the axis of the surface for determining the form of a surface which is nominally symmetric about an axis.

21. Apparatus according to claim 17, 18 or 19, wherein the processing means are adapted to use two measurements made at positions spaced apart by 180°

to compensate for any deviation or error in the reference datum.

22. Apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the processing means are adapted to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum from the difference between the two measurements.

24. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the sensing means comprises two opposed sensing elements for sensing simultaneously respective opposed location on the surface.

25. Apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the processing means comprises means for making a first measurement of the distance between the two opposed locations by determining the relative separation of the two sensing elements, means for determining the displacement of each sensing element from the reference datum and combining the two displacements to provide a second measurement of the distance between the first and second locations, and means for comparing the first and second measurements of the distance between the first and second localtions to determine any deviation or error in the reference datum.

26. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the sensing means is arranged to make measurements at two opposed locations and comprises a single sensing element bistable towards each of the two opposed positions and means for reversing the biassing between the two sets of measurements.

27. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the processing means is arranged to fit measurements made at each of the at least two positions to a respective circle and to subtract one of the circles from the average of the circles for the at least two positions to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum.

28. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the processing means is arranged to compensate for error or deviation in the reference datum by adding to the measurements made at one of the at least two positions the difference between a circle fitted to those measurements and the average of circles fitted to the measurements made at each of the at least two positions.

29. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the processing means is adapted to use measurements made by the sensing means at least two positions equiangularly spaced apart around the axis of rotation of each of a set of locations distributed around the rotation axis of the surface to compensate for a respective deviation from straightness in the reference datum.

30. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein a number of sensing means are provided spaced apart along the reference datum for enabling measurements to be made simultaneously at locations spaced apart in the direction of the rotation axis.

31. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the means for effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means comprises a rotatable support for the object.

32. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the means for effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means comprises a rotatable mounting for the sensing means.

40. Apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the processing means are adapted to use two measurements made at positions spaced apart by 180°

to compensate for any deviation or error in the reference datum.

41. Apparatus according to claim 40, wherein the processing means are adapted to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum from the difference between the two measurements.

43. Apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the processing means comprises means for making a first measurement of the distance between the two opposed locations by determining the relative separation of the two sensing elements, means for determining the displacement of each sensing element from the reference datum and combining the two displacements to provide a second measurement of the distance between the first and second locations, and means for comparing the first and second measurements of the distance between the first and second locations to determine any deviation or error in the reference datum.

50. Apparatus according to claim 17 or 23, further comprising biassing means for biassing the sensing means in a given direction and means for adjusting the direction of the biassing of the sensing means.

51. Apparatus according to claim 50, wherein the sensing device comprises a pivotally mounted arm, the biassing means comprises spring biassing means coupled between the arm and a support and the adjustment means comprises a motor for adjusting the position of the support.

52. Apparatus according to claim 51, wherein the support is eccentrically mounted on a rotatable drum and the motor is adapted to rotate the drum about its axis.

18. Apparatus for determining information relating to the form of a surface of an object such as a workpiece, comprising:

sensing means displaceable relative to a reference datum so as to follow the surface;

means for effecting relative rotation between the surface and the sensing means;

means for determining from measurements made by the sensing means as the sensing means follows the surface during the relative rotation information relating to the form of the surface; and

processing means for combining measurements made by the sensing means of the displacement of a location on the surface from the reference datum when that location is at each of at least two positions equiangularly spaced apart around the axis of rotation to compensate for error or deviation in the reference datum.

19. Apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the processing means are adapted to determine the mean of the two measurements to obtain a measurement for that location.

23. Apparatus for determining the form of a surface which is nominally symmetric about an axis, comprising:

sensing means displaceable relative to a reference datum so as to follow the surface;

means for effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means;

means for using the sensing means to make measurements at a number of different measurement distances or heights along the axis of the surface to determining the form of the surface;

control means for, for each measurement distance along the axis of the surface, using the sensing means to obtain a first measurement of the displacement from the reference datum of a location on the surface, causing relative rotation through 180°

between the surface and the sensing means then using the sensing means to obtain a second measurement of the displacement from the reference datum of the same location on the surface; and

processing means for determining the mean of the first and second measurements to provide data representing that location.

42. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the sensing means comprises two opposed sensing elements for sensing simultaneously respective opposed locations on the surface.

44. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the sensing means is arranged to make measurements at two opposed locations and comprises a single sensing element biassable towards each of the two opposed positions and means for reversing the biassing between the two sets of measurements.

45. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the processing means is arranged to fit measurements made at each of the at least two positions to a respective circle an to subtract one of the circles from the average of the circles for the at least two positions to determine a deviation or error in the reference datum.

46. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the processing means is adapted to use measurements made by the sensing means at least two positions equiangularly spaced apart around the axis of rotation of each of a set of locations distributed around the rotation axis of the surface to compensate for a respective deviation from straightness in the reference datum.

47. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein a number of sensing means are provided spaced apart along the reference datum for enabling measurements to be made simultaneously at locations spaced apart in the direction of the rotation axis.

48. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the means for effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means comprises a rotatable support for the object.

49. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the means for effecting relative rotation of the surface and the sensing means comprises a rotatable mounting for the sensing means.

53. Apparatus for determining information relating to the form of a surface of an object such as a workpiece, the apparatus comprising:

a body;

an arm pivotably mounted to the body;

a sensor carried by the arm;

means for effecting relative rotation between the sensor and the surface to cause the arm to pivot as the sensor follows the surface;

a transducer or providing a signal related to pivotable movement of the arm;

a drum rotatably mounted to the body;

a support eccentrically mounted on the drum;

a motor for rotating the drum; and

a biassing spring coupled between the support and the arm, whereby rotation of the drum by the motor adjusts the biassing of the arm by the biasing spring.

54. Apparatus for determining the form of the surface which is nominally symmetric about an axis, comprising:

a body;

an arm pivotably mounted to the body;

a sensor carried by the arm;

means for effecting relative rotation between the sensor and the surface to cause the arm to pivot as the sensor follows the surface;

a transducer for providing a signal related to pivotable movement of the arm;

means for determining from the signal provided by the transducer information relating the form of the surface;

a drum rotatably mounted to the body;

a support eccentrically mounted on the drum;

a motor for rotating the drum;

a biassing spring coupled between the support and the arm, whereby rotation of the drum changes the biassing on the arm from a first biassing condition to a second biassing condition; and

processing means for combining measurements made with the arm in the first biassing condition and the arm in the second biassing condition.