Optical sensors and multisensor arrays containing thin film electroluminescent devices

• US 6,331,438 B1
• Filed: 11/24/1999
• Issued: 12/18/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 11/24/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University), Board of Regents of the University of Michigan (University of Michigan)
• Original Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University), Board of Regents of the University of Michigan (University of Michigan)
• Inventors: Shinar, Joseph, Savvateev, Vadim N., Chen-Esterlit, Zoe, Aylott, Jonathan W., Friedl, Jon H., Kopelman, Raoul
• Primary Examiner(s): SNAY, JEFFREY R
• Application Number:
  US09/448,499
• Time in Patent Office: 755 Days
• Field of Search: 250/458.1, 250/459.1, 436/172, 422/82.05, 422/82.07, 422/82.08
• US Class Current: 436/172
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/66 electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/7703 using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides using measurement of total internal reflection or attenuated total reflection G01N21/552; optical fibres or waveguides per se G02B
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2201/0628 Organic LED [OLED]

Abstract

Optical sensor, probe and array devices for detecting chemical biological, and physical analytes. The devices include an analyte-sensitive layer optically coupled to a thin film electroluminescent layer which activates the analyte-sensitive layer to provide an optical response. The optical response varies depending upon the presence of an analyte and is detected by a photodetector and analyzed to determine the properties of the analyte.

Claims

1. An optical sensor for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, said optical sensor comprising;

a sensing layer containing an indicator agent which can react optically with said analyte,

a thin film electroluminescent device comprising a luminescent layer which emits light of a predetermined wavelength, wherein said luminescent layer is optically coupled to said sensing layer,

wherein said indicator agent absorbs light energy of said predetermined wavelength and in the presence of at least one analyte of interest generates an optical response which is optically detectable and recognizable as indicating the presence of the analyte of interest, and

wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises an organic electroluminescent material.

2. An optical sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a photodetector.

3. An optical sensor according to claim 2, wherein said photodetector is selected from the group consisting of a photodiode, a photomultiplier tube, a charge injection device, a charged couple device (CCD) array, or a CMOS based imager.

4. An optical sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a pulse generator capable of pulsed excitation of said thin film electroluminescent device.

5. An optical sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a substrate, wherein said sensing layer is on one surface of said substrate and said thin film light emitting device is on an opposing surface of said substrate.

6. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device is substantially transparent.

7. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said luminescent layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4′

,4′

-bis(2,2′

biphenylvinyl)-1,1′

biphenyl;

8-tris-(hydroxy quinoline);

4,4′

-N,N′

-dicarbazolyl biphenyl; and

distyrylarylenes.

8. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said indicator agent is selected from the group consisting of dyes, polymers, and biological receptors.

9. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said indicator agent comprises tris(4,7-biphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) Ru(dpp) (II).

10. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensing layer further comprises a sol-gel.

11. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensing layer further comprises a matrix of polymeric material.

12. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polycrystalline zinc sulfide and polycrystalline zinc selenide.

13. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said thin film electroluminscent device has a thickness of less than about 1 micron.

14. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said analyte is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, ions, antibodies, antigens, nucleotides, and microbial receptor proteins.

15. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensor comprises an array of sensors or probes.

16. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensor is an ion correlation sensor and said indicator agent comprises an ionophore.

17. An optical sensor according to claim 16 further comprising an indicator agent selected from the group consisting of a voltage sensitive dye and a chromoionophore.

18. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensor is an enzymatic sensor and said indicator agent comprises an enzyme.

19. An optical sensor according to claim 18, wherein said enzyme is co-immobilized within a matrix with an oxygen-sensitive dye.

20. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensor is an immunosensor and said indicator agent comprises an antibody or antigen.

21. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensor is a molecular beacon sensor and said indicator agent comprises a nucleotide sequence.

22. An optical sensor according to claim 21, further comprising a fluorophore and a quencher attached to said sequence.

23. An optical sensor according to claim 22, wherein said analyte is a second nucleotide sequence complementary to said nucleotide sequence.

24. An optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein said luminescent layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of poly(3-alkylthiophenes), poly(p-phenylenevinylenes), poly(p-phenylenes), and poly(alkylfluorenes).

25. An optical sensor array for detecting at least one analyte of interest in a fluid sample, said optical sensor array comprising:

a plurality of sensing units at least some of which differ in their chemical formulations and their optical characteristics, which react optically differently with an individual analyte of interest, each of said sensing units of said array including;

a sensing layer containing an indicator agent,

a thin film electroluminescent device having a luminescent layer which emits light of a predetermined wavelength,

wherein said indicator agent absorbs light energy of said predetermined wavelength and in the presence of at least one analyte of interest generates an optical response which is detectable and recognizable as showing the presence of the analyte of interest, and

wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises an organic electroluminescent material.

26. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, further comprising a detector selected from the group consisting of a charge coupled device CCD array, a CMOS based imager, and a charge injection device capable of detecting the optical responses of a plurality of sensing units of said array.

27. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, further comprising a plurality of thin film electroluminescent devices capable of emitting light of a plurality of different wavelengths.

28. An optical sensor array according to claim 27, wherein said plurality of thin film electroluminescent devices are arranged in a stacked configuration.

29. An optical sensor according to claim 25, further comprising a pulse generator capable of pulsed excitation of said thin film electroluminescent device.

30. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, further comprising a substrate, wherein said sensing layer is on one surface of said substrate and said thin film light emitting device is on an opposing surface of said substrate.

31. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device is substantially transparent.

32. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises a first and a second hole transporting layer.

33. An optical sensor array according to claim 32, wherein at least one of said hole transporting layers comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4,4′

,4″

-tris(N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-amine-triphenylamine);

MTDATA;

copper phthalocyanine;

N,N′

,biphenyl-N,N′

bis(2-methylphenyl)-(1,1′

-biphenyl)-4,4′

-diamine; and

N,N′

-biphenyl-N,N′

-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′

-biphenyl-4,4′

-diamine.

34. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said luminescent layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4′

,4′

-bis(2,2′

biphenylvinyl)-1,1′

bipheny;

8-tris-(hydroxy quinoline);

4,4′

-N,N′

-dicarbazolyl biphenyl; and

distylarylene.

35. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said indicator agent is selected from the group consisting of dyes, polymers, and biological receptors.

36. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said indicator agent comprises tris(4,7-biphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) Ru(dpp) (II).

37. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said sensing layer further comprises a sol-gel.

38. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said sensing layer further comprises a matrix of polymeric material.

39. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polycrystalline zinc sulfide and polycrystalline zinc selenide.

40. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said thin film electroluminscent device has a thickness of less than about 1 micron.

41. An optical sensor array according to claim 25, wherein said analyte is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, ions, antibodies, antigens, nucleotides, and microbial receptor proteins.

42. A kit comprising a plurality of optical sensors for detecting the presence of one or more analytes of interest in a sample, each sensor comprising:

an anode, a hole transporting layer, an electron transporting layer, and a cathode, wherein said cathode and anode are capable of activating the emission of electroluminescence of a predetermined wavelength from either said hole transporting layer or said electron transporting layer;

a sensing layer optically coupled to said electroluminescent hole or electron transporting layer, wherein said sensing layer contains an indicator agent that absorbs light of said predetermined wavelength and generates an optical response that is dependent upon the absence or presence of said analyte; and

a detector for detecting the optical response from said sensing layer.

43. A kit according to claim 42, wherein at least one of said plurality of sensing layers further comprises a polymeric material and wherein said indicator agent is dispersed in said polymeric material.

44. A kit according to claim 42, wherein said indicator agent of at least one of said plurality of sensors comprises a Ruthenium complex.

45. A kit according to claim 42, wherein said electroluminescent layer is substantially transparent to said optical response of said indicator agent.

46. A kit according to claim 42, wherein said electroluminescent layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4′

,4′

-bis(2,2′

biphenylvinyl)-1,1′

biphenyl;

8-tris-(hydroxy quinoline);

4,4′

-N,N′

-dicarbazolyl biphenyl;

distyrylarylenes;

4,4′

,4″

-tris(N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-amine-triphenylamine);

MTDATA;

copper phthalocyanine;

N,N′

,biphenyl-N,N′

bis(2-methylphenyl)-(1,1′

-biphenyl)-4,4′

-diamine;

N,N′

-biphenyl-N,N′

-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′

-biphenyl-4,4′

-diamine;

poly(3-alkylthiophenes);

poly(p-phenylenevinylenes);

poly(p-phenylenes); and

poly(alkylfluorenes).

47. A kit according to claim 42, further comprising a pulse generator and wherein said optical response is activated by pulsed excitation.

48. An optical method for detecting an analyte of interest in a fluid sample, said method comprising:

providing an optical sensing unit containing a sensing layer, and a thin film electroluminescent device wherein said sensing layer can absorb light of a predetermined wavelength and provide an optical response specific to the presence of an individual analyte of interest;

introducing a sample to contact said sensing layer;

activating said thin film electroluminescent device to emit light energy of said predetermined wavelength to said sensing layer;

optically detecting said optical response of said sensing layer;

evaluating said response to determine the presence or concentration of at least one analyte of interest in the sample; and

wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises an organic electroluminescent material.

49. A method according to claim 48, wherein said detection is conducted on the same side of said sensing unit as said thin film electroluminescent device.

50. A method according to claim 48, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device is transparent to said specific optical response.

51. A method according to claim 48, further comprising an array of optical sensing units for detecting a plurality of different analytes.

52. A method according to claim 48, wherein said detection is conducted using a detector selected from the group consisting of a CCD array or camera, a CMOS based imager, and a charge injection device.

53. A method according to claim 48, further comprising the step of reflecting said optical response back through said electroluminescent device.

54. A method according to claim 48, further comprising a pulse generator capable of pulse excitation of said thin film electroluminescent device.

55. A method according to claim 48, further comprising a transparent substrate, wherein said sensing layer is on one surface of said substrate and said thin film light emitting device is on an opposing surface of said substrate.

56. A method according to claim 51, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device is substantially transparent.

57. A method according to claim 48, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises a hole transporting layer.

58. A method according to claim 48, wherein said electroluminescent device comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4′

,4′

-bis(2,2′

biphenylvinyl)-1,1′

biphenyl;

8-tris-(hydroxy quinoline);

4,4′

-N,N′

-dicarbazolyl biphenyl; and

distyrylarylenes.

59. A method according to claim 57, wherein said hole transporting layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4,4′

,4″

-tris(N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-amine-triphenylamine);

MTDATA;

copper phthalocyanine;

N,N′

,biphenyl-N,N′

bis(2-methylphenyl)-(1,1′

-biphenyl)-4,4′

-diamine; and

N,N′

-biphenyl-N,N′

-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′

-biphenyl-4,4′

-diamine.

60. A method according to claim 48, wherein said indicator agent is selected from the group consisting of dyes, polymers, and biological receptors.

61. A method according to claim 48, wherein said sensing layer comprises tris(4,7-biphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) Ru(dpp) (II).

62. A method according to claim 48, wherein said sensing layer further comprises a sol-gel.

63. A method according to claim 48, wherein said sensing layer further comprises a matrix of polymeric material.

64. A method according to claim 48, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polycrystalline zinc sulfide and polycrystalline zinc selenide.

65. A method according to claim 48, wherein said thin film electroluminscent device has a thickness of less than about 1 micron.

66. A method according to claim 48, wherein said analyte is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, ions, antibodies, antigens, nucleotides, and microbial receptor proteins.

67. A method according to claim 48, wherein said electroluminescent device comprises a material selected from the group consisting of poly(3-alkylthiophenes), poly(p-phenylenevinylenes), poly(p-phenylenes), and poly(alkylfluorenes).

68. An optical sensor for detecting an analyte of interest in a sample, said optical sensor comprising;

a sensing layer containing an indicator agent which can react optically with said analyte,

a thin film electroluminescent device comprising a luminescent layer which emits light of a predetermined wavelength, wherein said luminescent layer is optically coupled to said sensing layer,

wherein said indicator agent absorbs light energy of said predetermined wavelength and in the presence of at least one analyte of interest generates an optical response which is optically detectable and recognizable as indicating the presence of the analyte of interest, and

wherein said thin film electroluminescent device comprises a first and a second hole transporting layer.

69. An optical sensor according to claim 68, further comprising a photodetector.

70. An optical sensor according to claim 69, wherein said photodetector is selected from the group consisting of a photodiode, a photomultiplier tube, a charge injection device, a charged couple device (CCD) array, or a CMOS based imager.

71. An optical sensor according to claim 68, further comprising a pulse generator capable of pulsed excitation of said thin film electroluminescent device.

72. An optical sensor according to claim 68, further comprising a substrate, wherein said sensing layer is on one surface of said substrate and said thin film light emitting device is on an opposing surface of said substrate.

73. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein said thin film electroluminescent device is substantially transparent.

74. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein said luminescent layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4′

,4′

-bis(2,2′

biphenylvinyl)-1,1′

biphenyl;

8-tris-(hydroxy quinoline);

4,4′

-N,N′

-dicarbazolyl biphenyl; and

distyrylarylenes.

75. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein at least one of said hole transporting layers comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4,4′

,4″

-tris(N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenyl-amine-triphenylamine);

MTDATA;

copper phthalocyanine;

N,N′

,biphenyl-N,N′

bis(2-methylphenyl)-(1,1′

-biphenyl)-4,4′

-diamine; and

N,N′

-biphenyl-N,N′

-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′

-biphenyl-4,4′

-diamine.

76. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein said indicator agent is selected from the group consisting of dyes, polymers, and biological receptors.

77. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein said indicator agent comprises tris(4,7-biphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) Ru(dpp) (II).

78. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein said thin film electroluminscent device has a thickness of less than about 1 micron.

79. An optical sensor according to claim 68, wherein said sensor comprises an array of sensors or probes.

80. A layered device for detecting an analyte, comprising:

a first layer comprising an indicating agent, said indicating agent having the capability of producing an optically detectable reaction in the presence of said analyte;

a second layer optically coupled to said first layer and comprising an organic material able to generate a light of a predetermined wavelength, wherein said light of a predetermined wavelength enables the optically detectable reaction of said indicating agent of said first layer; and

a third layer optically coupled to said first layer and comprising a photodetector, wherein said third layer is on the opposite side of said second layer from said first layer.

81. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said organic material of said second layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4′

,4′

-bis(2,2′

biphenylvinyl)-1,1′

biphenyl;

8-tris-(hydroxy quinoline);

4,4′

-N,N′

-dicarbazolyl biphenyl; and

distyrylarylenes.

82. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said indicating agent of said first layer comprises tris94,7-biphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) Ru(dpp)(II).

83. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said indicating agent is combined with a sol-gel.

84. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said indicating agent is combined with a polymeric matrix.

85. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said analyte to be detected is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, ions, antibodies, antigens, nucleotides, and microbial receptor proteins.

86. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said second layer comprises first and second hole sorting layers.

87. The layered device of claim 86, wherein at least one of said hole transporting layers comprises a material selected from the group consisting of 4,4′

,4″

-tris(N-(3-methoxyphenyl-N-phenyl-amine-triphenylamine);

MTDATA;

copper phthalocyanine;

N,N′

,biphenyl-N,N′

bis(2-methylphenyl)-(1,1′

-biphenyl)4,4′

-diamine; and

N,N′

-biphenyl-N,N′

-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′

-biphenyl-4,4′

-diamine.

88. The layered device of claim 80, further comprising a substrate, wherein said first layer is on one side of said substrate and said thin second layer is on an opposing side of said substrate.

89. The layered device of claim 81, wherein said second layer is substantially transparent.

90. The layered device of claim 80, wherein said second layer has a thickness of less than about 1 μ

m.