Geometry change diffusion tube for metal-air batteries

• US 6,342,314 B1
• Filed: 12/18/1998
• Issued: 01/29/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 12/18/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Duracell U.S. Operations, Inc. (Berkshire Hathaway Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: AER Energy Resources, Inc.
• Inventors: Sieminski, Dennis Paul, Hope, Leonard J.
• Primary Examiner(s): KALAFUT, STEPHEN J
• Application Number:
  US09/216,273
• Time in Patent Office: 1,138 Days
• Field of Search: 429/13, 429/22, 429/27, 429/34, 429/82, 429/83
• US Class Current: 429/407
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 12/06 with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04 Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04082 Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

A ventilation system for metal-air battery cells having collapsible isolation passageways for controlling ambient airflow to the oxygen electrode of the metal-air battery. The ventilation system has at least one inlet isolation passageway and at least one outlet isolation passageway. The isolation passageways normally remain in a collapsed position to restrict airflow when an air mover is turned off. The isolation passageways may be configured into an expanded position in response to airflow generated by the air mover. In the expanded position, the inlet isolation passageway permits ambient air to flow across the oxygen electrode and the outlet isolation passageway permits oxygen depleted air to be expelled.

Claims

1. A ventilation system for a metal-air battery comprising:

a housing for enclosing at least one metal-air cell;

a ventilation passageway having a collapsible resilient portion, said ventilation passageway at least partially defining a communication path between the exterior and interior of said housing, said resilient portion biased to normally remain in a collapsed position to restrict airflow therethrough, said passageway remaining unsealed when said resilient portion is in said collapsed position, and said resilient portion being expandable into an expanded position; and

means for expanding said resilient portion into said expanded position such that enhanced airflow is permitted through said ventilation passageway when said resilient portion is in said expanded position.

2. The ventilation system of claim 1 wherein said means for expanding said resilient portion comprises one or more shape memory alloy rings aligned in a coaxial manner with respect to said ventilation passageway, said shape memory alloy rings sequentially expanding and contracting in said resilient portion to cause airflow through said ventilation passageway.

3. The ventilation system of claim 1 wherein said means for expanding said resilient portion comprises one or more shape memory alloy rings aligned in a coaxial manner with respect to said ventilation passageway, said shape memory alloy rings expanding to permit enhanced airflow generated by an air mover through said ventilation passageway and contracting to restrict airflow through said ventilation passageway.

4. The ventilation system of claim 3 further comprising an air mover positioned to create a flow of air through said ventilation passageway.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein said means for expanding said resilient portion comprises an air mover cooperating with said ventilation passageway to generate airflow within said housing.

6. A ventilation system for a metal-air battery comprising:

a housing for enclosing at least one metal-air cell; and

at least one collapsible passageway at least partially defining a communication path between the interior and exterior of said housing, said passageway biased to normally remain in a collapsed position to restrict airflow therethrough, said passageway being expandable into an expanded position in response to airflow through said housing.

7. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein in said collapsed position said passageway is essentially blocked.

8. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein in said collapsed position said passageway forms an unsealed isolation passageway.

9. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein said passageway while in said collapsed position has a first cross-sectional area operative with a length in the direction of airflow therethough to restrict airflow into said housing and said passageway while in said expanded position has a second cross-sectional area operative to permit airflow into said housing, said first and second cross-sectional areas being determined at the narrowest point along said length of said passageway, and said first cross-sectional area being smaller than said second cross-sectional area.

10. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein each said passageway while in said collapsed position has a first width perpendicular to the direction of airflow therethrough that is lesser than a length of said passageway in the direction of airflow therethrough, and said while in said expanded position has a second width perpendicular to the direction of airflow therethrough that is greater than said first width of said passageway while in said collapsed position, and said first and second widths being determined at the narrowest point along said length of said passageway.

11. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein said housing includes an air inlet opening communicating with the air in the interior of said housing and an air outlet opening communicating with the air exterior of said housing, one of said passageways coupled to said air inlet opening and being an inlet passageway and another of said passageways coupled to said outlet opening and being an outlet passageway.

12. The ventilation system of claim 11 wherein said passageways are isolation passageways having proximal and distal ends, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at said inlet and outlet openings, said distal ends each being configured to define a first cross-sectional area while being exposed to an ambient condition of pressure in said collapsed position, said distal ends capable of being distorted and opening up into a second cross-sectional area when said passageways are expanded into said expanded position, said second cross-sectional area being larger than said first cross-sectional area, and said distal ends being distorted and opening up while being exposed to a second condition of pressure in response to said airflow, and said first and second cross-sectional areas generally defining an unsealed passage between each said distal end and said housing.

13. The ventilation system of claim 11 wherein said passageways each have proximal and distal ends, a length between said proximal and distal ends, and a cross-sectional area at said distal ends when in said collapsed position, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at said inlet and outlet openings, and each said isolation passageway having a ratio of its length squared to its cross-sectional area of approximately 100 to 1 or greater while in said collapsed position.

14. The ventilation system of claim 11 wherein said passageways have proximal and distal ends, a length between said proximal and distal ends, and a width at said distal ends while in said collapsed position, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at said air openings, and each said length being greater than said width when said passageways are in said collapsed position.

15. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein said passageways have proximal and distal ends, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at said inlet and outlet openings, said distal ends each being configured to define a collapsed opening while being exposed to an ambient condition of pressure while said passageway is in said collapsed position, said distal ends capable of being distorted and opening up into expanded openings when said passageways are expanded into said expanded position, said distal ends being distorted and opening up while being exposed to a second condition of pressure in response to said airflow, and said collapsed and expanded openings generally defining an unsealed passage between each said distal end and said housing.

16. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein said passageways have proximal and distal ends, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at inlet and outlet openings, said distal ends each being configured to define a flattened opening while being exposed to an ambient condition of pressure while in said collapsed position, said distal ends capable of being distorted and opening up into rounded openings when said passageways are expanded into said expanded position, said distal ends being distorted and opening up while being exposed to a second condition of pressure in response to said airflow, and said flattened and rounded openings each defining an unsealed passage between each said distal end and said housing.

17. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein said passageways in said collapsed position each have a collapsed length from approximately 0.3 to 2.5 inches and a collapsed width from approximately 0.03 to 0.3 inches.

18. The ventilation system of claim 6 further comprising an air mover positioned to force air through said passageway when said air mover is turned on, said passageway expanding into said expanded position when said air mover is turned on and returning to said collapsed position to substantially restrict airflow through said housing when said air mover is turned off.

19. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein said housing includes an air inlet opening and an air outlet opening, one of said passageways is an outlet isolation passageway that outwardly extends from said air outlet opening of said housing and communicates with the environment exterior to said housing, another of said passageways is an inlet isolation passageway that inwardly extends from said air inlet opening into said housing and communicates with the interior of said housing, and said air mover moves air into said housing through said inlet isolation passageway and moves air out of said housing through said outlet isolation passageway.

20. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein said isolation passageways each have proximal and distal ends, said distal ends having openings sized in the aggregate to permit a flow rate through said housing with said air mover turned on of approximately 20 or more cubic inches per minute.

21. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein said isolation passageways each have proximal and distal ends, said distal ends having openings sized in the aggregate to permit a flow rate through said housing with said air mover turned off of approximately 0.2 cubic inches per minute or less.

22. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein the metal-air battery has a drain current density with said air mover turned off is less than 1 ma per square cm of oxygen electrode surface.

23. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein said air mover has a capacity of approximately 100 to 3000 cubic inches per minute.

24. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein the output current density of the metal-air battery with said air mover turned on is about 10 ma per square inch of oxygen electrode surface or more.

25. The ventilation system of claim 18 wherein the metal-air battery delivers a current of at least 1.0 amperes when said air mover is turned on.

26. The ventilation system of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the inside of said passageway is coated with a sealant.

27. A ventilation system for providing reactant air to a metal-air battery comprising:

a housing for enclosing a plurality of metal-air cells and defining openings through said housing;

an air mover cooperating with said openings and generating airflow within said housing; and

a plurality of collapsible resilient isolation passageways coupled to said housing at said openings, each said isolation passageway expandable into an expanded position in response to said air mover generating airflow through said housing, said isolation passageways biased to normally remain in a collapsed position to restrict airflow through said housing, and each said isolation passageway having a length in the direction of airflow therethrough while in said collapsed position that is greater than a width perpendicular to the direction of airflow therethrough while in said collapsed position.

28. The ventilation system of claim 27 wherein said isolation passageways each have proximal and distal ends, said length being between said proximal and distal ends, and a cross-sectional area at each said distal end when each said isolation passageway is in said collapsed position, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at said openings, and each said isolation passageway having a ratio of its length squared to its cross-sectional area of approximately 100 to 1 or greater while in said collapsed position.

29. The ventilation system of claim 27 wherein said isolation passageways each have proximal and distal ends, said length being between said proximal and distal ends, and a width at each said distal end while each said isolation passageway is in said collapsed position, said proximal ends coupled to said housing at said openings, and each said length being greater than said width when said isolation passageways are in said collapsed position.

30. The ventilation system of claim 27 wherein said isolation passageways each have proximal and distal ends, said distal ends having openings sized in the aggregate to permit a flow rate through said housing with said air mover turned on and said isolation passageways in said expanded position of approximately 20 to 80 cubic inches per minute.

31. The ventilation system of claim 27 wherein said isolation passageways each have proximal and distal ends, said distal ends having openings sized in the aggregate to permit a flow rate through said housing with said air mover turned off and said isolation passageways in said collapsed position of approximately 0.2 cubic inches per minute or less.

32. A method for controlling airflow in a metal-air battery, said method comprising the steps of:

confining at least one metal-air cell within a housing;

operating an air mover to generate airflow through said housing;

in response to operating said air mover, expanding a collapsible isolation passageway coupled to an openings in said housing;

precluding operation of said air mover such that said air mover does not generate airflow through said housing; and

in response to precluding operation of said air mover, at least partially collapsing said isolation passageway to restrict airflow through said housing.

33. The method of claim 32 further comprising the step of maintaining said isolation passageway in an unsealed state after collapsing said isolation passageway.

34. The method of claim 32 further comprising the step of re-expanding said isolation passageway by recommencing operation of said air mover.

35. The method of claim 32 wherein said isolation passageway expands to define a width perpendicular to the direction of airflow passing through said isolation passageway as a result of said air mover being turned on that is greater than a width perpendicular to the direction of airflow through said isolation passageway when airflow is restricted through said housing as a result of said air mover being turned off.

36. The method of claim 32 wherein said step of operating said air mover comprises generating a flow rate of approximately 20 or more cubic inches per minute through said expanded isolation passageway.

37. The method of claim 32 wherein said step of precluding operation of said air mover comprises restricting airflow through said isolation passageway to approximately 0.2 cubic inches per minute or less.

38. A method for controlling reactant airflow to a metal-air battery having an oxygen electrode, said method comprising the steps of:

confining at least one metal-air cell within a housing;

operating an air mover to generate airflow through said housing;

toggling an isolation passageway that communicates between the exterior and interior of said housing between a collapsed position and an expanded position, said passageway expanding into said expanded position in response to operation of said air mover and said isolation passageway collapsing into said collapsed position in response to said air mover no longer operating;

in response to said isolation passageway being expanded into said expanded position, said air mover providing airflow to the oxygen electrode of the metal-air battery so that the metal-air battery generates an output current, and

in response to said air mover no longer operating, said air mover ceasing to provide airflow to the oxygen electrode of the metal-air battery and therefore maintaining said isolation passageway in said collapsed position and in an unsealed state so that the metal-air battery generates a drain current, said drain current being substantially less than said output current.

39. A ventilation system for a metal-air battery comprising:

a housing for enclosing at least one metal-air cell;

an isolation passageway in a longitudinally extended position to form a first elongated restrictive flow path into said housing, said isolation passageway being longitudinally retractable into a retracted position having a second shorter flow path, said isolation passageway remaining unsealed in said extended and in said retracted positions.

40. The ventilation system of claim 39 further comprising an air mover positioned to force air through said second shorter flow path of said isolation passageway when said air mover is turned on.

41. The ventilation system of claim 39 wherein the length of said isolation passageway is greater that the width of said isolation passageway when said isolation passageway is in the extended position.

42. The ventilation system of claim 39 wherein said isolation passageway has a length squared to cross-sectional area ratio of about 100 to 1 or greater when said isolation passageway is in the extended position.

43. The ventilation system of claim 39 wherein said isolation passageway outwardly extends from said housing and communicates with the environment exterior to said housing when in said extended and retracted positions.

44. The ventilation system of claim 39 wherein said isolation passageway inwardly extends from said housing and communicates with the interior of said housing when in said extended and retracted positions.

45. The ventilation system of claim 39 wherein said isolation passageway is a telescopic isolation passageway.

46. The ventilation system of claim 45 wherein said telescopic isolation passageway comprises a plurality of interlocking tubes, said interlocking tubes each having a flanged portion for slidably supporting an adjacent one of said tubes, and each said flanged portion abuts one other said flanged portion when said telescopic isolation passageway is in said extended position.

47. The ventilation system of claim 39 wherein said isolation passageway includes a longitudinally stretchable portion.

48. The ventilation system of claim 47 wherein said longitudinally stretchable portion is crenellated.

49. A method for controlling airflow in a metal-air battery, said method comprising the steps of:

confining at least one metal-air cell within a housing;

operating an air mover to generate airflow to an oxygen electrode of said metal-air cell;

in response to operating said air mover, at least partially collapsing isolation passageways communicating with said housing such that airflow through said isolation passageway and into said housing is enhanced;

precluding operation of said air mover such that said air mover does not generate airflow through said isolation passageway or said housing; and

in response to precluding operation of said air mover, longitudinally extending said isolation passageway to increase resistance to airflow therethrough.

50. A ventilation system for a metal-air battery comprising:

a housing for enclosing at least one metal-air cell, said housing having at least one air opening communicating with outside air;

a collapsible resilient isolation passageway coupled to said opening and biased to normally remain in a partially collapsed position to restrict airflow therethrough, said isolation passageway being expandable into an expanded position, and said isolation passageway remaining unsealed when in said partially collapsed position; and

an actuator operatively associated with said isolation passageway to selectively expand said isolation passageway into said expanded position such that enhanced airflow is permitted through said isolation passageway when said passageway is in said expanded position.

51. The ventilation system of claim 50 wherein said actuator comprises a shape memory alloy wire coupled to expand said isolation passageway to permit enhanced airflow therethrough in response to current passing through said shape memory alloy wire.

52. The ventilation system of claim 51 wherein said isolation passageway is an elongated tube and said shape memory alloy wire is a linear shape memory alloy wire coupled to the interior of said elongated tube.

53. The ventilation system of claim 50 wherein said isolation passageway is an elongated tube and said actuator comprises a plurality of shape memory alloy rings coupled to said elongated tube in a coaxial manner, spaced along said tube, said rings expanding in diameter in response to current passing therethrough.

54. The ventilation system of claim 53 further comprising means for sequentially passing current through said spaced rings to create a peristaltic pumping action.

55. A method for controlling airflow in a metal-air battery, said method comprising the steps of:

confining at least one metal-air cell within a housing;

providing at least one isolation passageway in said housing for communicating with air outside of said housing;

passing a current through a shape memory alloy wire coupled to said isolation passageway;

in response to passing said current through said shape memory alloy wire, expanding said shape memory wire; and

in response to expanding said shape memory alloy wire, expanding said isolation passageway to permit enhanced airflow therethrough.

56. The method of claim 55 further comprising the steps of:

ceasing the passing of current through said shape memory alloy wire; and

in response to cessation of current through said shape memory alloy wire, collapsing said isolation passageway; and

in response to collapsing said isolation passageway, increasing the resistance of airflow through said isolation passageway.