Gas-driven microturbine

• US 6,363,712 B1
• Filed: 07/14/1999
• Issued: 04/02/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 06/27/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: US Department of Energy (Government of the United States of America), National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia LLC (Honeywell International Inc.)
• Original Assignee: United States Department of Energy (Government of the United States of America)
• Inventors: McWhorter, Paul J., Miller, William M., Sniegowski, Jeffrey J., Aeschliman, Daniel P., Rodgers, Murray S.
• Primary Examiner(s): Freay, Charles G.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Gartenberg, Ehud
• Application Number:
  US09/516,600
• Time in Patent Office: 993 Days
• Field of Search: 60/397.5, 60/394.62, 310/309, 216/17, 216/66, 216/101
• US Class Current: 60/805
• CPC Class Codes: F01D 1/026 Impact turbines with buckets, i.e. impulse turbines, e.g. Pelton turbines F01D1/16, F01D1/34 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F01D 5/28 Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 3/00 Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid generated by intermittent combustion F02C5/00
• CPC Class Codes: H02N 1/004 in which a body is moved along a path due to interaction with an electric field travelling along the path

Abstract

A microturbine fabricated by a three-level semiconductor batch-fabrication process based on polysilicon surface-micromachining. The microturbine comprises microelectromechanical elements formed from three polysilicon multi-layer surfaces applied to a silicon substrate. Interleaving sacrificial oxide layers provides electrical and physical isolation, and selective etching of both the sacrificial layers and the polysilicon layers allows formation of individual mechanical and electrical elements as well as the required space for necessary movement of rotating turbine parts and linear elements.

Claims

1. A gas-driven microturbine developed using a polysilicon surface-micromachining batch-fabricated technique comprising:

a substrate base;

a holding tank formed on said substrate base;

a fuel delivery system formed on said substrate base further comprising at least one inlet tube for transporting a fuel set from said holding tank to a reaction chamber;

a reaction chamber formed on said substrate base, further comprising a means for heating said fuel set;

a flow channel formed on said substrate base extending from said reaction chamber and protruding into a turbine housing;

a turbine housing formed on said substrate base in which said flow channel receives a high-flow gas stream generated in said reaction chamber by heating of said fuel set to drive a turbine;

a turbine contained within said turbine housing and made rotatably secured by a central turbine hub formed on and attached to said substrate base;

a mechanical linkage arm formed on said substrate base and attached to said turbine by a pin joint, wherein rotational motion from said turbine induces linear motion on said mechanical linkage arm;

a mechanical load formed on said substrate and located in close proximity to said turbine housing wherein said mechanical load is attached to said mechanical linkage arm;

an exhaust port means formed on said substrate base extending from said turbine housing.

2. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said substrate base is comprised of single crystal silicon material.

3. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, further comprising a pre-heater element positioned between said at least one inlet tube and said reaction chamber.

4. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said mechanical load comprises an actuated element.

5. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said holding tank, said fuel delivery system comprising said at least one inlet tube, said reaction chamber, said flow channel, said turbine housing, said turbine hub, said turbine, said mechanical linkage arm, said actuated element, and said exhaust port, are batch-fabricated from a polysilicon material formed using polysilicon surface-micromachining of multiple polysilicon films with interleaving sacrificial oxide films.

6. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said fuel set is directly injected into said holding tank.

7. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 6, wherein said fuel set provided to said reaction chamber by said fuel delivery system comprises water.

8. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 6, wherein said fuel set provided to said reaction chamber by said fuel delivery system comprises compressed gas.

9. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 6, wherein said fuel set provided to said reaction chamber by said fuel delivery system comprises the class of monopropellants.

10. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 6, wherein said fuel set provided to said reaction chamber by said fuel delivery system comprises the class of bipropellants.

11. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said flow channel provides an exit for the high-flow gas stream from said reaction chamber.

12. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 5, wherein said means for transporting said fuel set from said holding tank to said reaction chamber by said fuel delivery system is accomplished by capillary action forces in the microdomain.

13. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said flow channel is located in a path directly orthogonal to a turbine blade of said turbine in said turbine housing.

14. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein said means for heating said fuel set comprises a plurality of thermal assist filaments made of polysilicon material and arranged in parallel in said reaction chamber.

15. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 14, wherein said thermal assist filaments are powered from an external source up to an operating temperature of 1100°

C.

16. The gas-driven microturbine of claim 1, wherein a high-flow gas stream produced within said reaction chamber enters said flow channel and said turbine housing, inducing linear motion on said mechanical linkage arm and causing said connected actuated element to generate electrical power and wherein said high-flow gas stream escapes through said exhaust port to ambient.

17. A three-level polysilicon surface-micromachining batch-fabrication process for developing a gas-driven microturbine having core propulsion components including turbine housing, rotatable turbine including turbine blades and central turbine hub, fuel delivery system, fuel lines, holding tank, means for heating a fuel set, reaction chamber, flow channels, exhaust port, and a mechanical linearly-movable actuated element, said process comprising the steps of:

providing a silicon substrate base in a plane;

providing on said substrate base an oxide layer and a nitride layer to form an insulation layer;

patterning said insulation layer and etching said oxide layer with an etch mask to form at least one full-depth cut into said substrate base, said at least one fill-depth cut acting as an electrical interconnect;

providing on said insulation layer a first layer of polysilicon (POLY

     0) to form a voltage reference and an electrical interconnect plane;

depositing a photoresist material over said first polysilicon layer;

patterning said layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching the patterned first polysilicon layer by reactive ion etching to define the base portions of a turbine housing fixed to and extending above said substrate;

providing a layer of oxide to form a first sacrificial layer;

depositing a layer of photoresist material on the first sacrificial layer;

patterning the first sacrificial layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to, the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching to form partial-depth cuts (dimples) into said sacrificial layer;

providing a low-stress silicon nitride layer;

depositing a layer of photoresist material on the low-stress nitride layer;

patterning the nitride layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching to form stator-to-substrate anchor areas for subsequent polysilicon deposition;

providing a second layer of polysilicon (POLY

     1) for fabricating an initial layout of structural components of the gas-driven microturbine comprising the holding tank, reaction chamber, mechanical linkage arm, turbine housing, turbine shroud, turbine hub, exhaust port and mechanical linkage arm;

depositing a layer of said photoresist material on the POLY 1 layer;

patterning the POLY 1 layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching to form full-depth cuts into said POLY 1 layer;

undercutting said POLY 1 layer to form pin joint cavities;

backfilling said full-depth cuts and pin joint cavities with an oxide followed by annealing the layered substrate base in nitrogen;

providing a low-stress silicon nitride layer to form a friction-reduction layer;

depositing a layer of photoresist material on the low-stress silicon nitride layer;

patterning the low-stress silicon nitride layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching to remove backfill oxide from the pin joint cavities, to form pin joint connections, and to form anchor areas for connecting to the POLY 1 layer;

providing a third layer of polysilicon deposition (POLY

     2) for fabricating a second structural layer of the gas-driven microturbine, comprising a turbine and turbine blades;

depositing a layer of photoresist material on the POLY 2 layer;

patterning the POLY 2 layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching to form the turbine and individual turbine blades;

providing a third layer of oxide to form a third sacrificial layer;

depositing a layer of photoresist material on the third sacrificial layer;

patterning the third sacrificial layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to remove excess material;

etching to form partial-depth cuts in the third sacrificial layer;

etching to create full-depth cuts areas through the third sacrificial layer to form anchor areas for connecting subsequent depositions to the POLY 2 layer and for anchoring the POLY 2 level to said substrate base, to form a fuel delivery system comprising at least one inlet tube, and to further refine the turbine housing, turbine shroud, turbine, pin joints, mechanical linkage arm reaction chamber, and exhaust port;

providing a fourth layer of polysilicon deposition (POLY

     3) for fabricating a third and final structural layer;

annealing the substrate base and POLY 3, POLY 2, and POLY 1 levels in nitrogen to ensure that said polysilicon mechanical films do not exhibit undesired internal stress which would cause deformation of the final structural layer;

depositing a layer of photoresist material on the POLY 3 layer;

patterning the POLY 3 layer by exposing the photoresist material to ultraviolet light through a photoresist mask to make it susceptible to a developer;

removing areas of the exposed photoresist material made susceptible to the developer by applying ultraviolet light to the exposed photoresist material and then cleaning the layered substrate base to a hydrofluoric acid dip to remove excess material;

etching to form and to complete fabrication of the mechanical linkage arm, holding tank, delivery system comprising said at least one inlet tube, reaction chamber, turbine shroud, exhaust port, and actuated element;

performing a final release etch of gas-driven microturbine structure to produce free-standing micropropulsion components and to allow rotatable elements to rotate and linearly movable elements to perform linear movement.