Method and apparatus for detecting the presence of an object

• US 6,384,414 B1
• Filed: 11/25/1998
• Issued: 05/07/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 11/25/1997
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Hanger Solutions, LLC (IP Investments Group LLC)
• Original Assignee: Board of Regents of the University of Texas System (University of Texas System)
• Inventors: Rogers, Robert L., Fisher, David L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hannaher, Constantine
• Application Number:
  US09/200,314
• Time in Patent Office: 1,259 Days
• Field of Search: 250/DIG.1, 250/342, 250/339.14, 250/339.15, 250/339.05, 340/545.3, 340/565, 340/567
• US Class Current: 250/339.14
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/0025 Living bodies ear thermometers G01J5/0011; detecting, measuring or recording for diagnostic purposes A61B5/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/025 Interfacing a pyrometer to an external device or network; User interface
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/047 Mobile mounting; Scanning arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/07 Arrangements for adjusting the solid angle of collected radiation, e.g. adjusting or orienting field of view, tracking position or encoding angular position optical collimating elements G01J5/0806
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/08 Optical arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/0846 having multiple detectors for performing different types of detection, e.g. using radiometry and reflectometry channels
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/10 using electric radiation detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 8/005 operating with millimetre waves, e.g. measuring the black losey radiation
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/19 using infrared-radiation detection systems G08B13/194 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/2494 by interference with electro-magnetic field distribution combined with other electrical sensor means, e.g. microwave detectors combined with other sensor means
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 17/005 for forest fires, e.g. detecting fires spread over a large or outdoors area fire fighting forest fires A62C3/02
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 17/12 Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 29/183 Single detectors using dual technologies G08B13/1672, G08B13/2448, G08B13/2494 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 250/01 Passive intrusion detectors

Abstract

A method and apparatus for detecting and classifying an object, including a human intruder. The apparatus includes one or more passive thermal radiation sensors that generate a plurality of signals responsive to thermal radiation. A calculation circuit compares the plurality of signals to a threshold condition and outputs an alarm signal when the threshold condition is met, indicating the presence of the object. The method includes detecting thermal radiation from an object at a first and second wavelength and generating a first and second responsive signal. The signals are compared to a threshold condition that indicates whether the object is an intruder.

Claims

1. An apparatus for detecting the presence of an object, comprising:

one or more passive thermal radiation sensors adapted to detect thermal radiation at two or more differing wavelengths such that emissitivity and absorption properties of the object are distinguishably different at at least two of said two or more differing wavelengths, said one or more passive thermal radiation sensors generating a plurality of signals responsive to said thermal radiation; and

a calculation circuit in operative relationship with said one or more passive thermal radiation sensors and adapted to contrast the emissitivity and absorption properties of the object to detect its presence by (a) calculating apparent radiometric temperatures corresponding to said plurality of signals, (b) performing one or more calculations on said radiometric temperatures to produce an output, (c) comparing said output to a threshold condition, and (d) outputting an alarm signal when said threshold condition is met, indicating presence of the object.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said differing wavelengths differ by about three orders of magnitude.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein one of said differing wavelengths ranges from about 1 micron to about 100 microns and another of said differing wavelengths ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 200 mm.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a moving platform coupled to said one or more passive thermal radiation sensors.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least two of said one or more passive thermal radiation sensors comprise substantially the same field of view.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said calculation circuit comprises a one-dimensional numerical processing circuit.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a human.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a fire.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a circuit adapted to filter radiometric background signals.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said threshold condition is a predetermined or an adaptively determined threshold condition.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said threshold condition comprises a ratio of radiometric temperatures of the object.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said ratio is about 1.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said threshold condition comprises a difference in radiometric temperatures of the object.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said difference is greater than about zero.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said threshold condition comprises an apparent surface area of the object.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a reflector adapted to direct artificial background radiation towards at least one of said one or more passive thermal radiation sensors.

17. An apparatus for detecting the presence of an object, comprising:

an infrared sensor for detecting thermal radiation and for generating a responsive first signal;

a millimeter wave sensor for detecting thermal radiation and for generating a responsive second signal; and

a calculation circuit coupled to said infrared sensor and to said millimeter wave sensor, said circuit adapted to contrast the emissitivity and absorption properties of the object to detect its presence by (a) calculating apparent radiometric temperatures corresponding to said first and second signals, (b) performing one or more calculations on said radiometric temperatures to produce an output, (c) comparing said output with a threshold condition, and (d) outputting an alarm signal when said threshold condition is met, indicating presence of the object.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a moving platform coupled to said infrared sensor and to said millimeter wave sensor.

19. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a circuit to filter radiometric background signals.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a range finding apparatus to determine a range to the object.

21. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a circuit to determine an apparent surface area of the object.

22. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the object comprises a human.

23. A method for determining if an object is an intruder, comprising:

detecting thermal radiation from the object at a first wavelength and generating a first responsive signal;

detecting thermal radiation from the object at a second wavelength and generating a second responsive signal, wherein at said first and second wavelengths said object exhibits distinguishably different emissitivity and absorption properties; and

contrasting the emissitivity and absorption properties of the object by (a) calculating apparent radiometric temperatures corresponding to the first and second responsive signals, (b) performing one or more calculations on said radiometric temperatures to produce an output, and (c) comparing said output to a threshold condition that indicates if the object is an intruder.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein a passive infrared sensor detects thermal radiation from the object at said first wavelength and a passive millimeter wave sensor detects thermal radiation from the object at said second wavelength.

25. The method of claim 23, wherein said first wavelength ranges from about 8 microns to about 14 microns and said second wavelength ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 200 mm.

26. The method of claim 23, further comprising calculating a first and second apparent radiometric temperature from said first and second responsive signals, respectively.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein said threshold condition comprises a difference between said first and second apparent radiometric temperatures or a ratio of said first and second apparent radiometric temperatures.

28. A method of monitoring radiometric activity to determine the presence of an object, comprising the steps of:

receiving a first input signal from a first radiometric sensor adapted to detect a first wavelength, said first input signal characteristic of a radiation spectrum of said object at said first wavelength;

receiving a second input signal from a second radiometric sensor adapted to detect a second wavelength, said second input signal characteristic of a radiation spectrum of the object at said second wavelength, wherein said radiation spectrum at said first wavelength is distinguishably different from said radiation spectrum at said second wavelength; and

contrasting the radiation spectra by;

(a) calculating a first apparent radiometric temperature corresponding to said first input signal;

(b) calculating a second apparent radiometric temperature corresponding to said second input signal;

(c) performing one or more calculations on said radiometric temperatures to produce an output; and

(d) comparing said output with a radiometric threshold condition indicative of presence of the object.

29. The method of claim 28, further comprising determining a range to the object.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising determining an apparent surface area of the object.

31. The method of claim 30, further comprising comparing said apparent surface area to an area threshold condition indicative of the object.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said area threshold condition comprises an area corresponding to a human.

33. The method of claim 28, wherein said first radiometric sensor has a field of view substantially similar to a field of view of said second radiometric sensor.

34. The method of claim 28, wherein said radiometric threshold condition comprises a ratio of said first and second apparent radiometric temperatures.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein said ratio is about 1.

36. The method of claim 28, wherein said radiometric threshold condition comprises a difference between said first and second apparent radiometric temperatures.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein said difference is greater than about zero.

38. The method of claim 28, further comprising outputting an alarm signal if said radiometric threshold conditions met.

39. The method of claim 28, wherein said first sensor is a passive millimeter wave sensor and said second sensor is a passive infrared sensor.

40. The method of claim 28, further comprising directing an artificial background radiation towards said first or second radiometric sensors.

41. The method of claim 28, further comprising distinguishing portions of said first and second input signals corresponding to background from portions of said first and second input signals corresponding to the object.

42. The method of claim 41, further comprising the step of subtracting said background from said first and second input signals.

43. The method of claim 28, wherein the steps of receiving said first and second input signals occur when said firs and second radiometric sensors are in motion.

44. The method of claim 28, wherein the object comprises a human.