Aperture coupled slot array antenna

• US 6,445,354 B1
• Filed: 08/16/1999
• Issued: 09/03/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 08/16/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Novatel Incorporated (Hexagon AB)
• Original Assignee: Novatel Incorporated (Hexagon AB)
• Inventors: Kunysz, Waldemar
• Primary Examiner(s): PHAN, THO GIA
• Application Number:
  US09/375,319
• Publication Number:
  US 20020067315A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,114 Days
• Field of Search: H10/Q 1.310, 343/700.MS, 343/895, 343/767, 343/769, 343/770, 343/846, 343/829, 343/792.5, 343/853
• US Class Current: 343/770
• CPC Class Codes: G03F 7/091 characterised by antireflection means or light filtering or absorbing means, e.g. anti-halation, contrast enhancement
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 1/2005 Electromagnetic photonic bandgaps [EPB], or photonic bandgaps [PBG]
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/36 Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewithH01Q1/08, H01Q1/14 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 13/106 Microstrip slot antennas patch antenna elements H01Q9/0407
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 13/20 Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 9/27 Spiral antennas

Abstract

A planar, phased-array antenna including a nonconductive substantially planar substrate and a transmission line disposed on one surface is disclosed, a segment of the transmission line forming an arc of radius R centered on the antenna axis. A conductive layer on the other antenna surface includes two or more slotted openings, each slotted opening having one end located within a distance R of the antenna axis, such that, when an electromagnetic signal is fed into one end of the transmission line, electromagnetic energy is sequentially coupled into the slotted openings, and a circularly-polarized signal is radiated from the antenna substantially in the direction of the antenna axis. An amplifier or a connector may be electrically connected to one or both ends of the transmission line, or one end of the transmission line may be terminated in an impedance load to form a leaky-wave antenna. The slotted openings may comprise either or both straight and curved segments, and may be of the same or unequal lengths. Curved slotted openings may be oriented clockwise or counter-clockwise to transmit or receive either is left-handed or right-handed polarized signals.

Claims

1. An antenna (10), suitable for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals of wavelength λ

, said antenna comprising;

a nonconductive substantially planar substrate (19) having first (13) and second (15) surfaces bounded by a common peripheral edge (17), said peripheral edge enclosing an antenna axis (11) orthogonal to said first and second surfaces;

a transmission line (21) disposed on said first surface, said transmission line comprising a first end (23), a second end (25), and an inner edge (29) extending between said first and second ends, at least a portion of said inner edge forming an arc of;

radius R centered on said antenna axis; and

a conductive layer (31) disposed on said second surface, said conductive layer comprising a plurality of m slotted openings (33), each said slotted opening having one end located within a distance R of said antenna axis and having an essentially uniform width that is substantially less than the length,

whereby, when an electromagnetic signal is fed into said first end, electromagnetic energy is coupled sequentially into respective said slotted openings such that a radiated signal is transmitted from said slotted openings substantially in the direction of said antenna axis.

2. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said transmission line inner edge has a guided wave length of at least λ

.

3. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said transmission line comprises at least one member of the group consisting of a microstrip and a coplanar waveguide.

4. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising a connector electrically attached to one said transmission line end.

5. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising at least one amplifier electrically connected to at least one said transmission line end.

6. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising an impedance load electrically connected to one said transmission line end.

7. The antenna of claim 1 wherein at least a first said slotted opening has a guided wave length of $\frac{a}{}$

 



λ

b.

8. The antenna of claim 7 wherein a second said slotted opening has a guided wave length greater than the guided wave length of said first slotted opening.

9. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said m slotted openings are arrayed about said antenna axis such that at least two adjacent said slotted openings are spatially separated by an angle of $\frac{2}{}$

π

m.

10. The antenna of claim 1 wherein at least one said slotted opening comprises a straight slotted portion.

11. The antenna of claim 1 wherein at least one said slotted opening comprises a curved slotted portion.

12. The antenna of claim 11 wherein said curved slotted portion comprises a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical-section arc, a spiral arc, a logarithmic arc, and an exponential arc.

13. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising a reflector disposed in spaced parallel relationship to said first surface.

14. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising an enclosed cavity disposed adjacent said first surface.

15. The antenna of claim 1 wherein a given said slotted opening is sized to couple more strongly to electromagnetic energy directed across the slot than to electromagnetic energy directed along the slot.

16. An antenna, suitable for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals of wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂, said antenna comprising;

a nonconductive substantially planar substrate having first and second surfaces bounded by a common peripheral edge, said peripheral edge enclosing an antenna axis orthogonal to said surfaces;

a transmission line disposed on said first surface, said transmission line comprising a first end, a second end, and an inner edge extending between said first and second ends, at least a portion of said inner edge forming an arc of radius R centered on said antenna axis; and

a conductive layer disposed on said second surface,

said conductive layer comprising a first array of m slotted openings, each said first array slotted opening having a peripheral end located proximate said peripheral edge and an axial end located within a distance R of said antenna axis, each said first array slotted opening having a guided wave length of integer multiples $\frac{{\mathrm{\lambda <br><br>}}_1}{4},$

 

between said peripheral end and said axial end, at least one said first array slotted opening spatially separated from an adjacent said first array slotted opening by an angle of $\frac{2<br><br>\mathrm{\pi <br><br>}}{m};<br><br>$

said conductive layer further comprising a second array of m slotted openings, each said second array slotted opening having a peripheral end located proximate said peripheral edge and an axial end located within a distance R of said antenna axis, each said second array slotted opening having a guided wave length of integer multiples of $\frac{{\mathrm{\lambda <br><br>}}_2}{4}$

 

between said peripheral end and said axial end, at least one said second array slotted opening spatially separated from an adjacent said second array slotted opening by an angle of $\frac{2<br><br>\mathrm{\pi <br><br>}}{m}$

whereby, when an electromagnetic signal is fed into said transmission line via said first end, electromagnetic energy is sequentially coupled into respective said slotted openings such that a radiated signal having a wavelength of either or both λ

₁ and λ

₂ is transmitted from said slotted openings substantially in the direction of said antenna axis.

17. The antenna of claim 16 wherein at least one said slotted opening comprises a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical-section arc, a spiral arc, a logarithmic arc, and an exponential arc.

18. The antenna of claim 16 further comprising a connector electrically attached to said transmission line first end.

19. The antenna of claim 16 further comprising at least one amplifier electrically connected to at least one of said first and second transmission line ends.

20. The antenna of claim 16 further comprising an impedance load electrically connected to said transmission line second end.

21. The antenna of claim 16 further comprising a reflector disposed in spaced parallel relationship to said substrate first surface.

22. The antenna of claim 16 further comprising an enclosed cavity disposed adjacent said substrate first surface.

23. A planar antenna suitable for transmitting or receiving an electromagnetic signal, said antenna comprising:

an array of m slotted openings disposed in a top surface of the planar antenna, said slotted openings for receiving or transmitting the electromagnetic signal, said array of slotted openings defining an antenna axis; and

a transmission line for sequentially coupling the received or transmitted electromagnetic signal with said slotted openings, said transmission line disposed on a bottom surface of the antenna so as to substantially enclose said antenna axis, said transmission line comprising a plurality of m coupling regions, each said coupling region comprising a segment of said transmission line disposed proximate a corresponding said slotted opening such that an electromagnetic signal transmitted through said transmission line is coupled sequentially into respective said slotted openings

surface of the antenna so as to substantially enclose said antenna axis.

24. The antenna of claim 23 wherein at least one said slotted opening comprises a curved slotted portion.

25. The antenna of claim 23 wherein said slotted openings each have a width that is sub-stantially narrower than the length of the slot.

26. The antenna of claim 25 wherein a given said slotted opening is sized to couple more strongly to electromagnetic energy directed across the slot than to electromagnetic energy directed along the slot.

27. A method for emitting a circularly-polarized signal from a planar antenna, said method comprising the steps of:

transmitting a first electromagnetic signal of wavelength λ

₁ along a transmission line disposed on a bottom antenna surface, said transmission line comprising an arc-shaped segment having a radius R centered on an antenna axis; and

sequentially coupling said transmitted signal into two or more slotted openings formed within a conductive layer disposed on a top antenna surface, each said slotted opening having an end located within a distance R of the antenna axis, said slotted openings arrayed about the antenna axis such that a signal is emitted having wavelength λ

₁ with one of a right-hand or a left-hand circular polarization.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein said step of sequentially coupling comprises the step of producing a radiation field extending from said transmission line to said slotted openings.

29. The method of claim 27 further comprising the steps of:

transmitting a second electromagnetic signal of wavelength λ

₂ along said transmission line; and

sequentially coupling the transmitted signal into said slotted openings such that a signal of wavelength λ

₂ is emitted.

30. The method of claim 27 further comprising the steps of:

transmitting a second electromagnetic signal of wavelength λ

₂ along said transmission line in a direction opposite to that of the direction of transmission of said first electromagnetic signal; and

reverse sequentially coupling the transmitted signal into said slotted openings such that a signal is emitted having the other of a right-hand or a left-hand circular polarization.

31. A method for receiving a circularly-polarized radiated signal by means of a planar antenna, said method comprising the steps of:

receiving the radiated signal at two or more slotted openings formed within a conductive layer disposed on a top surface of the antenna, each said slotted opening having a first end located proximate an antenna periphery and a second end located within a distance R of the antenna axis; and

sequentially coupling the received signal from each said slotted opening into a transmission line disposed on a bottom surface of the antenna, said transmission line comprising an arc-shaped segment having an edge radius of R centered on the antenna axis.

32. An antenna (10), suitable for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals of wavelength λ

, the antenna comprising;

a nonconductive substantially planar substrate (19) having first (13) and second (15) surfaces bounded by a common peripheral edge (17), the peripheral edge enclosing an antenna axis (11) orthogonal to the first and second surfaces;

a transmission line (21) disposed on the first surface, the transmission line comprising a first end (23), a second end (25), and an inner edge (29) extending between the first and second ends, at least a portion of the inner edge forming an arc of radius R centered on the antenna axis, the transmission line being terminated at the second end by electrical connection to a load impedance (24); and

a conductive layer (31) disposed on the second surface, the conductive layer comprising a plurality of m slotted openings (33), each the slotted opening having one end located within a distance R of the antenna axis and having a width that is substantially less than the length,

whereby, when an electromagnetic signal is fed into the first end of the transmission line, electromagnetic energy is coupled sequentially into the respective slotted openings such that a radiated signal is transmitted from the slotted openings substantially in the direction of the antenna axis.

33. An antenna (10), suitable for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals of wavelength λ

, the antenna comprising;

a nonconductive substantially planar substrate (19) having first (13) and second (15) surfaces bounded by a common peripheral edge (17), the peripheral edge enclosing an antenna axis (11) orthogonal to the first and second surfaces;

a transmission line (21) disposed on the first surface, the transmission line comprising a first end (23), a second end (25), and an inner edge (29) extending between the first and second ends, at least a portion of the inner edge forming an arc of radius R centered on the antenna axis; and

a conductive layer (31) disposed on the second surface, the conductive layer comprising a plurality of m slotted openings (33), each the slotted opening having

one end located within a distance R of the antenna axis,

a width that is substantially less than the length, and

an electrical length of integer multiples of $\frac{\mathrm{\lambda <br><br>}}{4},$

with at least one slotted opening spatially separated from an adjacent slotted opening by an angle of $\frac{2<br><br>\mathrm{\pi <br><br>}}{m},$

whereby, when an electromagnetic signal is fed into the first end of the transmission line, electromagnetic energy is coupled sequentially into the respective slotted openings such that a radiated signal is transmitted from the slotted openings substantially in the direction of the antenna axis.

34. The antenna of claim 33 further including a reflector disposed in spaced parallel relationship to the first surface of the substrate.

35. The antenna of claim 33 further including an enclosed cavity disposed adjacent the first surface of the substrate.

36. The antenna of claim 33 wherein said transmission line inner edge has a guided wave length of at least λ

.

37. The antenna of claim 33 wherein the transmission line comprises at least one member of the group consisting of a microstrip and a coplanar waveguide.

38. The antenna of claim 33 wherein a second of the slotted openings has an electrical length greater than the electrical length of a first of the slotted openings.

39. The antenna of claim 33 wherein at least one of the slotted openings includes a straight portion.

40. The antenna of claim 33 wherein at least one of the slotted openings includes a curved portion.

41. The antenna of claim 40 wherein the curved portion comprises a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical-section arc, a spiral arc, a logarithmic arc, and an exponential arc.

42. The antenna of claim 33 wherein the second end of the transmission line electrically connects to an impedance load.