Blood pump having a magnetically suspended rotor

• US 6,447,266 B2
• Filed: 04/24/2001
• Issued: 09/10/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 06/26/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Government of the United States of America), University Of Pittsburgh (University of Pittsburgh of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education)
• Original Assignee: United States Administrator of National Aeronautics and Space Administration, University Of Pittsburgh (University of Pittsburgh of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education)
• Inventors: Groom, Nelson J., Antaki, James F., Paden, Bradley, Burgreen, Gregory
• Primary Examiner(s): Walberg, Teresa
• Assistant Examiner(s): FASTOVSKY, LEONID M
• Application Number:
  US09/841,223
• Publication Number:
  US 20010031210A1
• Time in Patent Office: 504 Days
• Field of Search: 417/45, 417/423.3, 417/423.12, 417/356, 439/78, 298/880.25, 600/16, 604/151, 604/131, 623/3
• US Class Current: 417/356
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/148 in line with a blood vessel using resection or like techniques, e.g. permanent endovascular heart assist devices
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/178 drawing blood from a ventricle and returning the blood to the arterial system via a cannula external to the ventricle, e.g. left or right ventricular assist devices
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/268 the displacement member being flexible, e.g. membranes, diaphragms or bladders
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/422 the force acting on the blood contacting member being electromagnetic, e.g. using canned motor pumps
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/515 Regulation using real-time patient data
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/538 Regulation using real-time blood pump operational parameter data, e.g. motor current
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/82 Magnetic bearings
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/831 using filtered blood as purge fluid
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 60/871 Energy supply devices; Converters therefor
• CPC Class Codes: F04D 13/0633 Details of the bearings
• CPC Class Codes: F04D 13/064 Details of the magnetic circuit
• CPC Class Codes: F04D 13/0646 the hollow pump or motor shaft being the conduit for the working fluid
• CPC Class Codes: F04D 29/048 magnetic; electromagnetic
• CPC Class Codes: F04D 3/005 with a conventional single stage rotor
• CPC Class Codes: F04D 3/02 of screw type
• CPC Class Codes: F16C 2316/18 Pumps for pumping blood
• CPC Class Codes: F16C 2360/44 Centrifugal pumps
• CPC Class Codes: F16C 32/0474 for rotary movement
• CPC Class Codes: H02K 1/276 Magnets embedded in the magnetic core, e.g. interior permanent magnets [IPM]
• CPC Class Codes: H02K 29/06 with position sensing devices H02K29/03 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02K 7/09 : with magnetic bearings
• CPC Class Codes: H02K 7/14 : Structural association with mechanical loads, e.g. with hand-held machine tools or fans with fan or impeller for cooling the machine H02K9/06
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 415/90 : Rotary blood pump

Abstract

A blood pump preferably has a magnetically suspended rotor that rotates within a housing. The rotor may rotate about a stator disposed within the housing. Radial magnetic bearings may be defined within the stator and the rotor in order to suspend the rotor. The radial magnetic bearings may be passive magnetic bearings that include permanent magnets disposed within the stator and the rotor or active magnetic bearings. The pump may further include an axial magnetic bearing that may be either a passive or an active magnetic bearing. A motor that drives the rotor may be disposed within the housing in order to more easily dissipate heat generated by the motor. A primary flow path is defined between the rotor and the stator, and a secondary flow path is defined between the stator and the rotor. Preferably, a substantial majority of blood passes through the primary flow path. The secondary flow path is large enough so that it provides adequate flushing of the secondary flow path while being small enough to permit efficient operation of the radial magnet bearings across the secondary flow path.

Claims

1. A pump for pumping blood, comprising:

a housing;

a stator disposed within the housing and coupled to the housing;

a rotor disposed within the housing and suspended around the stator;

the rotor and stator defining a primary blood flow path between the rotor and the housing and a secondary blood flow path between the rotor and the stator;

at least two radial magnetic bearings for suspending the rotor between the stator and the housing, said radial magnetic bearings each comprising at least one stator suspension magnet disposed within the stator and at least one rotor suspension magnet disposed within the rotor, the stator and rotor suspension magnets communicating across the secondary flow path; and

a motor for rotating the rotor with respect to the stator, said motor comprising at least one electromagnetic coil within the housing, said electromagnetic coil communicating with at least one rotor motor magnet in the rotor, said communication being across the primary flow path to rotate the rotor with respect to the stator and thereby pump blood through the pump.

2. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the stator further comprises a first end disposed at an inlet of the pump, a second end disposed at an outlet of the pump and a fixed hub that connects the first end to the second end.

3. The blood pump of claim 2, wherein the stator further comprises a plurality of stator blades extending from the first end of the stator and a plurality of stator blades extending from the second end of the stator.

4. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the motor comprises an unslotted motor stator, disposed in the housing.

5. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises a material of relatively low electro-thermal conductivity.

6. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises a ceramic material.

7. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises non-magnetic stainless steel.

8. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the rotor motor magnet comprises a permanent magnet for interacting with the electromagnetic coil.

9. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein one of the stator suspension magnets has a thickness that reduces the magnetic interaction between the respective stator suspension magnet and the motor magnet to reduce a moment, created by the interaction of the motor magnet and the stator suspension magnet, that biases the rotor from a preferred suspended position.

10. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the rotor magnet comprises a plurality of ring shaped magnets of alternating polarities and the stator magnet comprises a plurality of ring shaped magnets of alternating polarities.

11. The blood pump of claim 1, further comprising thrust coils, disposed within the housing and thrust poles, disposed within the rotor, one of the thrust coils interacting with one of the thrust poles and the other of the thrust coils interacting with the other of the thrust poles to position the rotor axially within the housing.

12. The blood pump of claim 11, further comprising at least one sensing coil, disposed within the stator, that senses the axial position of the rotor.

13. The blood pump of claim 12, further comprising a controller, that interacts with the thrust coils to control an electrical current through the thrust coils in response to the at least one sensing coil so that the thrust coils apply an axial force on the rotor to position the rotor axially within the housing.

14. A system for pumping blood, comprising:

(i) a pump, comprising;

a housing that has an inlet and an outlet;

a stator disposed within the housing and having a first end, disposed at the inlet, about which a plurality of stator blades are disposed, a second end, disposed at the outlet, about which a plurality of stator blades are disposed and a stationary hub that connects the first end to the second end;

a rotor, suspended between the stationary hub and the housing;

a first radial magnet bearing defined by a first set of magnets of alternating polarity, disposed within the rotor, that define an outer race and a second set of magnets of alternating polarity, disposed within the stator stationary hub, that define an inner race, the inner race and the outer race communicating across a gap between the stationary hub and the rotor to suspend the rotor about the stationary hub;

a thrust bearing defined by a pair of thrust coils, disposed within the housing, and a pair of magnetic poles, disposed within the rotor, each of the thrust coils interacting with one of the magnetic poles to produce an axial force on the rotor to position the rotor axially within the housing;

a sensing coil, disposed within the stator, that senses the axial position of the rotor; and

(ii) a controller, coupled to the sensing coil of the pump that controls an electrical current flowing through the thrust coils to produce a correcting force that positions the rotor axially in response to the position sensed by the sensing coil.

15. The system pump of claim 14, wherein the pump further comprises a second radial magnetic bearing that further comprises a third set of magnets of alternating polarity, disposed within the rotor, and a fourth set of magnets of alternative polarity, disposed within the stator, the third set of alternating magnets and the fourth set of alternating magnets interacting across the gap to define a second radial bearing.

16. The system of claim 14, wherein the pump further comprises a motor, disposed within the housing that communicates with a motor magnet, disposed within the rotor, to rotate the rotor.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein a thickness of the first set of alternating magnets is such that the magnetic interface between the motor magnet and the first set of alternating magnets does not produce an undesirable bending moment on the rotor.

18. The system of claim 14, wherein the controller comprises a virtual zero power controller.

19. A pump for pumping blood, comprising:

a housing that has an inlet and an outlet;

a stator, disposed within the housing, and having a first end, that is coupled to the housing proximate to the inlet and a second end, that is coupled to the housing proximate to the outlet;

a rotor, magnetically suspended between the stator and the housing;

a radial magnetic bearing that includes a rotor magnet, disposed within the rotor, and a stator magnet, disposed within the stator and aligned with the rotor magnet, the interaction of the rotor magnet and the stator magnet suspending the rotor radially between the housing and the stator;

a primary flow path defined between the rotor and the housing;

a secondary flow path defined between the rotor and the stator, the secondary flow path being large enough to provide adequate flushing of the secondary flow path and small enough so that the rotor magnet and the stator magnet can interface to suspend the rotor radially.

20. The pump of claim 19, wherein the flow through the secondary flow path is in a direction that is opposite the flow through the primary flow path.

21. The pump of claim 19, wherein the secondary flow path comprises an entrance disposed between the second end of the stator and the rotor, a substantially inward radial flow path defined between the second end of the stator and the rotor, a substantially axial flow path defined between the stator and the rotor and an exit, defined between the stator and the rotor.

22. The pump of claim 19, further comprising a magnetic thrust bearing for axially aligning the rotor within the housing.

23. The pump of claim 22, wherein the magnetic thrust bearing comprises an active magnetic bearing.

24. The pump of claim 23, wherein the active magnetic thrust bearing comprises a pair of thrust coils, disposed within the housing, that each interact with one of a pair of poles, disposed within the rotor, to place an axial force on the rotor.

25. The pump of claim 24, wherein the active thrust bearing further comprises a sensor, disposed within the stator, for sensing the axial position of the rotor, and an electromagnetic controller, disposed within the pump, that controls the electrical current flowing through the thrust coils to position the rotor axially within the housing.