Amplifier measurement and modeling processes for use in generating predistortion parameters

• US 6,476,670 B2
• Filed: 07/05/2001
• Issued: 11/05/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 07/13/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Maxlinear Asia Singapore Pte Ltd. (Maxlinear Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: PMC-Sierra Incorporated (Microchip Technology Incorporated)
• Inventors: Wright, Andrew S., Klijsen, Bartholomeus T. W., Yee, Paul V., Bennett, Steven J., Hung, Chun Yeung Kevin
• Primary Examiner(s): Mottola, Steven J.
• Application Number:
  US09/899,360
• Publication Number:
  US 20020008578A1
• Time in Patent Office: 488 Days
• Field of Search: 330/2, 330/107, 330/136, 330/149
• US Class Current: 330/2
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3241 using predistortion circuits H03F1/3211, H03F1/3217 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3247 using feedback acting on predistortion circuits H03F1/3264 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3258 based on polynomial terms
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3294 Acting on the real and imaginary components of the input signal
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2201/3209 the amplifier comprising means for compensating memory effects
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2201/3233 Adaptive predistortion using lookup table, e.g. memory, RAM, ROM, LUT, to generate the predistortion

Abstract

A wideband predistortion system compensates for a nonlinear amplifier'"'"'s frequency and time dependent AM—AM and AM-PM distortion characteristics. The system comprises a data structure in which each element stores a set of compensation parameters (preferably including FIR filter coefficients) for predistorting the wideband input transmission signal. The parameter sets are preferably indexed within the data structure according to multiple signal characteristics, such as instantaneous amplitude and integrated signal envelope, each of which corresponds to a respective dimension of the data structure. To predistort the input transmission signal, an addressing circuit digitally generates a set of data structure indices from the input transmission signal, and the indexed set of compensation parameters is loaded into a compensation circuit which digitally predistorts the input transmission signal. This process of loading new compensation parameters into the compensation circuit is preferably repeated every sample instant, so that the predistortion function varies from sample-to-sample. The sets of compensation parameters are generated periodically and written to the data structure by an adaptive processing component that performs a non-real-time analysis of amplifier input and output signals. The adaptive processing component also implements various system identification processes for measuring the characteristics of the power amplifier and generating initial sets of filter coefficients. In an antenna array embodiment, a single adaptive processing component generates the compensation parameters sets for each of multiple amplification chains on a time-shared basis. In an embodiment in which the amplification chain includes multiple nonlinear amplifiers that can be individually controlled (e.g., turned ON and OFF) to conserve power, the data structure separately stores compensation parameter sets for each operating state of the amplification chain.

Claims

1. A method of generating a model of a wideband amplifier, comprising:

applying narrowband stimulation signals to the amplifier over a plurality of amplitude levels and a plurality of center frequencies, and using resulting amplifier output data to compute amplitude-dependent and frequency-dependent variations in at least the gain and phase rotation introduced by the amplifier;

applying a wideband stimulation signal to the amplifier, and using resulting output data to compute bulk estimates of at least the gain, phase rotation and delay introduced by the amplifier;

generating a data structure which contains multiple sets of finite impulse response (FIR) filter coefficients indexed by signal amplitude level, wherein the FIR filter coefficients incorporate the amplitude-dependent and frequency-dependent variations in the gain and phase rotation; and

cascading a bulk stage that incorporates the bulk estimates of the gain, phase rotation and delay with a filter stage that filters an input signal using the FIR filter coefficients stored in the data structure, wherein the filter stage selects sets of FIR filter coefficients from the data structure for use based at least upon a current amplitude of the input signal.

2. The method as in claim 1, wherein at least one of the narrowband and wideband stimulation signals is an amplitude limited white noise signal having an amplitude probability density function substantially characterized by a truncated Rayleigh function.

3. The method as in claim 1, wherein the narrowband and wideband stimulation signals are selected such that waveform peaks are substantially shorter in duration than a time required to damage a transistor of the amplifier in overdrive.

4. The method as in claim 1, wherein the narrowband stimulation signals are selected such that each narrowband signal has a bandwidth that is a sufficiently small fraction of an operating bandwidth of the amplifier such that a resulting group delay introduced by the amplifier is substantially constant across a bandwidth of each narrowband signal.

5. The method as in claim 4, wherein the narrowband signals are selected so as to collectively stimulate the amplifier over substantially the entire operating bandwidth.

6. The method as in claim 5, wherein stimulating the amplifier with narrowband stimulation signals comprises applying each narrowband signal to the amplifier at a plurality of amplitude levels, and wherein generating the data structure comprises using observation data collected during application of the narrowband signals to identify variations in the gain and phase rotation introduced by the amplifier as a function of both frequency and amplitude.

7. The method as in claim 6, wherein generating the data structure further comprises:

forming a vector of frequency domain gain and phase responses associated with a selected amplitude level; and

computing an inverse Fourier Transform of the vector to generate a set of FIR filter coeficients.

8. The method as in claim 1, wherein the wideband stimulation signal is selected so to encompass substantially the entire operating bandwidth and amplitude range of the amplifier.

9. The method as in claim 1, wherein computing bulk estimates of the gain, phase rotation and delay comprises cross correlating the wideband stimulation signal with a resulting output signal.

10. The method as in claim 1, wherein computing estimates comprises computing a bulk gain of the amplifier substantially as a square root of a ratio between an output signal'"'"'s average power and a corresponding input signal'"'"'s average power.

11. The method as in claim 1, further comprising ramping up a power level of a stimulation signal over time, and using resulting output data to identify a saturated output power level and a 1 dB compression point of the amplifier.

12. The method as in claim 1, further comprising:

(a) applying an input signal to the model and to the amplifier while monitoring a difference between respective outputs thereof, and adaptively adjusting parameters of the model until an error floor in the difference is substantially reached; and

(b) increasing a complexity level of the model and then repeating (a).

13. The method as in claim 12, wherein increasing a complexity level of the model comprises increasing an order of the model.

14. The method as in claim 13, wherein increasing a complexity level of the model comprises adding a dimension to the data structure such that sets of FIR filter coefficients are selected for use based on multiple characteristics of the input signal.

23. An amplifier model generated according to the method of claim 1.

15. A model of a non-linear wideband amplifier, the model comprising:

a bulk stage that applies at least bulk gain, phase and delay adjustments to an input signal; and

a filter stage that further adjusts the input signal to account for at least frequency-dependent and amplitude-dependent variations in the gain and phase introduced by the amplifier, the filter stage comprising a data structure that supplies finite impulse response (FIR) filter coefficients to an FIR filter based at least upon a current amplitude or power of the input signal.

16. The model as in claim 15, wherein the data structure is a multi-dimensional data structure in which each element stores a set of FIR filter coefficients and in which each dimension of the data structure corresponds to a different respective characteristic of the input signal.

17. The model as in claim 16, wherein a first dimension of the data structure corresponds to the current amplitude or power of the input signal, and a second dimension of the data structure corresponds to a rate of change of the input signal.

18. The model as in claim 17, wherein a third dimension of the data structure corresponds to a past power profile of the input signal.

19. The model as in claim 16, further comprising at least one additional FIR filter that processes a multiple of the input signal, wherein the outputs of the FIR filters are combined.

20. The model as in claim 15, wherein the model is a second order extended single kernel amplifier model that comprises a finite impulse response (FIR) filter for which filter coefficients are read from a two dimensional data structure in which storage elements are indexed by (1) an amplitude or power of the input signal, and (2) a derivative of the input signal'"'"'s envelope, wherein each storage element of the two dimensional data structure stores a complete set of FIR filter coefficients.

21. The model as in claim 15, wherein the model is a third order extended single kernel amplifier model that comprises a finite impulse response (FIR) filter for which filter coefficients are read from a three dimensional data structure in which storage elements are indexed by (1) an amplitude or power of the input signal, and (2) a derivative of the input signal'"'"'s envelope, and (3) a past power profile of the input signal, wherein each storage element of the three dimensional data structure stores a complete set of FIR filter coefficients.

22. The model as in claim 21, wherein the model comprises multiple FIR filters for which filter coefficients are supplied by the three dimensional data structure, including at least one FIR filter that processes a multiple of the input signal, wherein outputs of the multiple FIR filters are summed.

24. The model as in claim 15, wherein the model has only one branch along which the input signal is adjusted, said branch including the bulk stage and the filter stage.

25. The model as in claim 16, wherein the model has only one branch along which the input signal is adjusted, said branch including the bulk stage and the filter stage.

26. The model as in claim 15, wherein the FIR filter adjusts the input signal based on sets of FIR filter coefficients read from the data structure, each of said sets comprising multiple FIR filter coefficients.