Self-clocking multiphase power supply controller

• US 6,495,995 B2
• Filed: 03/09/2001
• Issued: 12/17/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 03/09/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Semtech Corporation
• Original Assignee: Semtech Corporation
• Inventors: Groom, Terry J., Pullen, Stuart, Liu, Kwang H.
• Primary Examiner(s): BERHANE, ADOLF D
• Application Number:
  US09/802,840
• Publication Number:
  US 20020125869A1
• Time in Patent Office: 648 Days
• Field of Search: 323/282, 323/283, 323/287, 323/351
• US Class Current: 323/283
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1584 with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1586 switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1588 comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element H02M3/1582, H02M3/1584 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

A ripple-mode controller provides reliable operation in multi-phase power supply circuits, over a variety of operating conditions. Cross-phase blanking allows the controller to preserve the desired phase relationship between the switching pulses its provides to the different output phases, and permits the controller to operate each output phase at nearly 100% duty cycles. Active current sharing compliments blanking operations by adjusting the width of switching pulses the controller provides to one or more of the output phases based on detecting load current imbalances between the different output phases. With active current sharing, the controller prevents one or more output phases from carrying excessive portions of the load current. Further complimenting its operation, the controller may include virtual ripple generation to increase the noise immunity of its ripple-mode regulation.

Claims

1. A controller for a multi-phase, switch mode power supply, said controller comprising:

a) a multi-phase control circuit comprising a plurality of output circuits to control different phases of said switch mode power supply, each said output circuit operative to generate a switching signal to regulate a corresponding phase of said switch mode power supply, said control circuit operative to generate said switching signals in dependence on a primary clock signal in a first operating mode and to generate said switching signals in dependence on a secondary clock signal in a second operating mode;

b) a feedback circuit operative in a first operating mode to generate said primary clock signal as a function of the ripple in a regulated output signal generated by said switch mode power supply; and

c) a blanking circuit operative to generate said secondary clock signal as a function of said switching signals, said secondary clock signal providing a self-clocking feedback signal to said control circuit in said second operating mode.

2. The controller of claim 1 wherein said blanking circuit comprises circuitry to provide cross-phase blanking such that the switching signal of a first one of said phases triggers generation of the switching signal in a next one of said phases based on feeding back the switching signal from said first one of said phases with a blanking delay that determines the time separation between pulses of said first and second switching signals.

3. The controller of claim 2 wherein said blanking circuit further comprises a feedback pulse generation circuit for each of said phases of said switch mode power supply, and wherein each said feedback pulse generation circuit incorporates said blanking delay such that the switching signals provided to successive ones of said phases are generated as overlapping pulses in time in said second operating mode, but with said defined time separation.

4. The controller of claim 1 wherein said controller functions as a constant on-time controller generating said switching signals as a series of switching pulses with a defined pulse width, and further comprising active current trim circuitry to adjust the amount of load current carried by at least one of said phases of said switch mode power supply by trimming the width of said switching pulses provided to said at least one of said phases.

5. The controller of claim 1 wherein said controller functions as a hysteretic controller generating said switching signals as a series of switching pulses with a pulse width determined by upper and lower comparison voltages in said feedback circuit, and further comprising active current trim circuitry to adjust the amount of load current carried by at least one of said phases of said switch mode power supply by trimming at least one of said upper and lower comparison voltages for said at least one of said phases.

6. The controller of claim 1 wherein said feedback circuit includes a comparator to generate said primary clock signal in said first operating mode by comparing an output feedback signal derived from said regulated output signal with a reference signal in said first operating mode.

7. The controller of claim 6 wherein said comparator initiates a primary clock pulse when said output feedback signal falls below said reference signal, said control circuit responsive to said primary clock pulse to generate said switching signals.

8. The controller of claim 6 wherein said primary clock signal from said comparator functions as an enable signal in said second operating mode to make said control circuit responsive to said secondary clock signal.

9. The controller of claim 1 wherein said control circuit includes enabling logic to enable said control circuit to generate said switching signals based on said secondary clock signal when an enable signal is asserted.

10. The controller of claim 9 wherein said enabling logic comprises a comparator to generate said enable signal in said second operating mode based on comparing an output feedback signal derived from said regulated output signal with a reference signal associated with a desired value for said regulated output signal.

11. The controller of claim 1 wherein said blanking circuit comprises a delay circuit coupled to an output of said control circuit to generate a secondary clock pulse responsive to said switching signals.

12. The controller of claim 1 wherein said blanking circuit comprises a switching signal feedback path for each phase of said multi-phase control circuit, each said switching signal feedback path comprising:

a) a delay circuit operative to generate a delayed signal responsive to a corresponding switching signal; and

b) a pulse generator operative to generate a secondary clock pulse for said control circuit in response to said delayed signal.

13. The controller of claim 1 further comprising an out-of-bounds comparator operative to suppress generation of said switching signals when said output signal exceeds a defined threshold.

14. The controller of claim 1 wherein each output circuit comprises an output pulse generator operative to generate a respective one of said switching signals as a sequence of switching pulses for controlling said switching circuit.

15. The controller of claim 14 wherein said output pulse generator comprises:

a) a latch circuit operative to assert said switching signal responsive to a pulse initiation signal derived from said primary clock in said first operating mode and derived from said secondary clock in said second operating mode;

b) a ramp circuit operative to initiate a ramp signal upon assertion of said switching signal; and

c) a comparison circuit operative to de-assert said switching signal by resetting said latch circuit when said ramp signal reaches a comparison threshold.

16. The controller of claim 15 wherein said ramp circuit comprises a slope control circuit to control a slope of said ramp signal based on an input voltage used by said switch mode power supply to generate said regulated output signal, wherein said slope control circuit adjusts a width of said switching pulses based on said input voltage.

17. The controller of claim 16 wherein said comparison circuit comprises a comparator operative to compare said ramp signal to said comparison threshold, and wherein said comparison threshold is-proportional to a desired output voltage of said regulated output signal such that said output pulse generator adjusts a width of said switching pulses based on said desired output voltage.

18. The controller of claim 14 further comprising control logic to generate pulse initiation signals responsive to said primary clock signal in said first operating mode and responsive to said secondary clock signal in said second operating mode, said pulse initiation signals causing said output pulse generators to generate said switching pulses.

19. The controller of claim 18 wherein said control logic toggles said pulse initiation signals such that said output pulse generators generate switching pulses with a desired phase relationship.

20. The controller of claim 19 wherein said control logic comprises a counter circuit operative to generate said pulse initiation signals for said plurality of output circuits in a desired sequence such that said switching signals to said plurality of phases of said power supply have a desired phase relationship.

21. The controller of claim 14 wherein at least one of said plurality of output pulse generators is an adjustable pulse generator that includes an adjustment circuit operative to change a width of said switching pulses provided to a corresponding phase of said multi-phase power supply responsive to a trim signal.

22. The controller of claim 21 further comprising a trim circuit operative to generate trim signals for said at least one adjustable pulse generator to control a phase current in said corresponding phase of said multi-phase power supply.

23. The controller of claim 22 wherein said trim circuit comprises at least one phase comparison circuit, each said phase comparison circuit comprising:

a) a first amplifier operative to generate a first signal proportional.to a phase current in a first phase of said multi-phase amplifier;

b) a second amplifier operative to generate a second signal proportional to a phase current in a second phase of said multi-phase amplifier; and

c) a comparison circuit operative to generate said trim signal based on comparing said first and second signals.

24. The controller of claim 23 wherein each said phase comparison circuit further comprises sample-and-hold circuits for said first and second signals to permit comparison of said first and second signals when said phase currents in said first and second phases are not simultaneously measured.

25. The controller of claim 1 further comprising a virtual ripple generator operative to generate a feedback signal for said feedback circuit as a composite signal comprising a first component responsive to said output signal, and a second component comprising a ripple signal generated by said virtual ripple generator, said ripple signal having a desired magnitude and synchronized with said switching signals.

26. The controller of claim 25 wherein said ripple in said feedback signal has a minimum ripple amplitude set by said ripple signal generated by said virtual ripple generator, and further wherein said first component of said feedback signal remains responsive to actual ripple and DC offset in said regulated output signal.

27. The controller of claim 1 further comprising a droop circuit operative to vary regulation of said output signal responsive to a magnitude of load current supplied by said output signal, such that said controller regulates a voltage of said regulated output signal at a lower level under conditions of high load current to minimize voltage overshoot on said output signal if said load current suddenly decreases.

28. The controller of claim 1 wherein said controller functions as a constant on-time controller and said output circuits comprise output pulse generators operative to generate an output pulse of a defined width in response to a pulse initiation signal derived from one of said primary and secondary clock signals.

29. The controller of claim 28 further comprising current sensing circuitry operative to sense a current in a first one of said phases of said switch mode power supply relative to a second one of said phases.

30. The controller of claim 29 wherein the output pulse generator corresponding to said first one of said phases comprises an adjustable pulse generator to adjust the width of said output pulses responsive to a trim signal from said current sensing circuitry, said trim signal indicating whether said current in said first one of said phases is greater or less than said current in said second one of said phases.

31. The controller of claim 30 wherein said adjustable pulse generator comprises:

a) a latch circuit set by one of said pulse initiation signals to assert said output pulse signal;

b) a ramp circuit to generate a ramping signal started coincident with setting said latch;

c) a reset circuit to reset said latch and clear said output pulse signal when the value of said ramping signal reaches the value of a comparison signal; and

d) a digital-to-analog circuit to generate said comparison signal based on a digital count value controlled by said trim signal, whereby the width of said output pulse is determined by said digital count value.

32. The controller of claim 31 wherein said digital-to-analog circuit comprises a variable gain circuit operative to increase the rate of change of said comparison signal when a current imbalance between said first and second phases is above a defined threshold, and decrease the rate of change of said comparison signal when said current imbalance is below said defined threshold.

33. A method of controlling a multi-phase, switch mode power supply, the method comprising:

a) providing a plurality of switching signals to control different phases of said switch mode power supply, each said switching signal comprising a series of switching pulses to effect regulation of an output signal of said switch mode power supply, said switching pulses being responsive to a primary clock signal in a first operating mode and responsive to a secondary clock signal in a second operating mode;

b) generating said primary clock signal based on ripple in an output feedback signal derived from said output signal in said first operating mode; and

c) generating said secondary clock signal based on said switching pulses in said second operating mode to provide self-clocked switching pulse generation.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein switching pulses for said different phases are generated sequentially by feeding back switching signals from said different phases with a blanking delay and generating said switching pulses for said successive phases responsive to delayed pulses of preceding phases such that a desired phase relationship is maintained between said different phases.

35. The method of claim 34 wherein said switching pulses in successive phases overlap.

36. The method of claim 33 further comprising adjusting the current load in a selected one of said different phases by controlling the width of said switching pulses provided to the selected phase.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein said switching pulses are generated by constant on-time pulse generators and wherein the width of said switching pulses is controlled by setting the on-time of said pulse generators.

38. The method of claim 36 wherein said switching pulses are generated by a hysteretic controller and wherein the width of said switching pulses is controlled by changing the hysteretic voltage of said hysteretic controller.

39. The method of claim 33 further comprising:

a) operating in said first operating mode when a DC component of said output signal is substantially at a desired output voltage; and

b) operating in said second operating mode when said DC component of said output signal falls below said desired output voltage.

40. The method of claim 33 further comprising:

a) detecting an over-voltage condition of said output signal; and

b) suppressing generation of said switching pulses during said over-voltage condition.

41. The method of claim 33 further comprising controlling the width of said switching pulses in proportion to a supply voltage from which said switch mode power supply derives said output signal, such that a frequency of said switching pulses remains substantially constant over a range of supply voltages.

42. The method of claim 41 further comprising controlling said width of said switching pulses in proportion to a desired output voltage of said output signal, such that said frequency of said switching pulses remains substantially constant over a range of desired output voltages.

43. The method of claim 33 further comprising setting the pulse width of said switching pulses provided to each one of said plurality of said output phases based on a value of a supply voltage associated with each one of said plurality of output phases.

44. The method of claim 33 further comprising:

a) sensing phase currents in at least one of said output phases; and

b) adjusting the pulse widths of said switching pulses provided to at least one of said output phases to substantially balance said phase currents carried by said output phases.

45. The method of claim 44 further comprising:

a) designating one of said output phases as a master phase, and designating remaining ones of said output phases as slave phases; and

b) adjusting the pulse widths of said switching pulses provided to respective ones of said slave phases as a function of a relative difference between said phase current in said master phase current and said phase currents in said slave phases.

46. A constant on-time controller for use in a switch mode power supply providing a regulated output signal, said controller comprising:

a) a control circuit operative to generate a switching clock responsive to a feedback ripple signal associated with the regulated output signal; and

b) a pulse generator operative to generate switching pulses responsive to said switching clock to control a switching circuit-to effect regulation of the regulated output signal, said pulse generator comprising;

i) a pulse output circuit operative to generate said switching pulses; and

;

ii) a pulse width adjustment circuit operative to vary the width of said switching pulses to maintain said switching clock at a substantially constant frequency.

47. The constant on-time controller of claim 46 wherein said pulse output circuit comprises a latch circuit operative to generate said switching pulses by asserting and de-asserting an output switching signal.

48. The constant on-time controller of claim 47 wherein said pulse width adjustment circuit comprises:

a) a ramp circuit operative to initiate a ramp signal upon assertion of said switching signal; and

b) a comparison circuit operative to de-assert said switching signal by resetting said latch circuit when said ramp signal reaches a comparison threshold, thereby forming said switching pulse in said switching signal.

49. The constant on-time controller of claim 48 wherein said ramp circuit comprises a slope control circuit to control a slope of said ramp signal based on a supply voltage from which said switching circuit derives said output signal, such that the width of said switching pulses is a function of said supply voltage.

50. The constant on-time controller of claim 48 wherein said comparison circuit comprises a comparator operative to compare said ramp signal to said comparison threshold, and wherein said comparison threshold is proportional to a desired output voltage of said output signal such that the width of said switching pulses is a function of said desired output voltage.

51. The constant on-time controller of claim 49 wherein said pulse width adjustment circuit further comprises a comparison threshold adjustment circuit to vary said comparison threshold responsive to a trim signal, such that said trim signal is operative to vary the width of said switching pulses.

52. The constant on-time controller of claim 51 wherein said comparison threshold adjustment circuit comprises:

a) a counter operative to increase a count value responsive to a clock signal when said trim signal is in a first state and to decrease said count value responsive to said clock signal when said trim signal is in a second state; and

b) a digital-to-analog converter operative to generate said comparison threshold based on said count value of said counter.

53. A method of maintaining.a substantially constant switching frequency in a constant on-time switching controller for a switch mode power supply providing a regulated output signal, the method comprising:

a) generating switching pulses responsive to a feedback ripple signal associated with said regulated output signal, said switching pulses switching on and off a switching circuit coupled to a supply voltage to effect regulation of said regulated output signal; and

b) varying the width of said switching pulses responsive to changes in said supply voltage such that said switching pulses are generated at a substantially constant frequency.

54. The method of claim 53 further comprising varying the width of said switching pulses in response to a change in said supply voltage such that a frequency of said switching pulses remains substantially unchanged.

55. The method of claim 53 further comprising varying the width of said switching pulses in response to a change in a desired regulated output voltage of said regulated output signal such that a switching frequency of said switching pulses remains substantially unchanged over a range of regulated output voltages.

56. The method of claim 53 further comprising providing said switching pulses to each one of a plurality of said switching circuits and varying the width of switching pulses provided to at least one of said switching circuits to adjust an output current of said at least one said switching circuit.

57. A controller for use with a switch mode power supply that includes at least two switching circuits operative to provide a common output signal, said controller comprising:

a) pulse generators operative to generate switching pulses to said switching circuits to effect regulation of said output signal, wherein at least one said pulse generator is an adjustable pulse generator is operative to vary the width of said switching pulses; and

b) a trim circuit operative to control said at least one adjustable pulse generator such that a load current collectively provided by said switching circuits is shared between said switching circuits according to a desired manner.

58. The controller of claim 57 wherein said trim circuit generates a trim signal for said at least one adjustable pulse generator responsive to a measured current in at least one of said switching circuits.

59. The controller of claim 58 wherein said trim circuit comprises:

a) at least one amplifier circuit operative to generate a voltage signal proportional to a current in a respective one of said switching circuits; and

b) an output circuit operative to generate said at least one trim signal responsive to said voltage signal.

60. The controller of claim 58 wherein said trim circuit comprises:

a) a first amplifier operative to generate a first signal proportional to a current in a first one of said switching circuits;

b) a second amplifier operative to generate a second signal proportional to a current in a second one of said switching circuits; and

c) a comparator circuit operative to set said trim signal to a first state if said first signal exceeds said second signal, and to a second state if said second signal exceeds said first signal.

61. The controller of claim 60 wherein said at least one adjustable pulse generator operative to increase the width of said switching pulses when said trim signal is in said first state, and to decrease the width of said switching pulses when said trim signal is in said second state.

62. The controller of claim 60 wherein said trim circuit further comprises:

a) a first holding circuit for maintaining a value of said first signal corresponding to an on-state of said first one of said switching circuit; and

b) a second holding circuit for maintaining a value of said second signal corresponding to an on-state of said second one of said switched output signal;

c) wherein said first and second holding circuits enable a comparison of said first and second signals despite said first and second ones of said switching circuits being switched on and off at different times.

63. A method of controlling a switch mode power supply comprising a least two switching circuits, the method comprising:

a) providing switching pulses to said at least two switching circuits to effect regulation of an output signal at a common output of said at least two switching circuits;

b) varying the width of said switching pulses provided to at least one of said switching circuits to control an amount of load current provided by said at least one of said switching circuits.

64. The method of claim 63 further comprising:

a) sensing the amount of load current provided by first and second ones of said switching circuits; and

b) varying the width of said switching pulses provided to at least one of said first and second switching pulses to substantially balance the load current between said first and second switching circuits.

65. The method of claim 64 further comprising:

a) capturing first and second values corresponding to said amount of load current provided by said first and second switching circuits during respective on states of said first and second switching circuits; and

b) comparing said first and second values to compare said amount of current provided by said first and second switching circuits;

c) wherein capturing said first and second values enables comparison of the amount of load current carried by said first and second switching circuits when said first and second switching circuits are not simultaneously turned on.