Method for calibrating a smart-antenna array radio transceiver unit and calibrating system

• US 6,496,140 B1
• Filed: 03/27/2001
• Issued: 12/17/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 03/27/2001
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Nokia Technologies Oy (Nokia Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Nokia Networks (Nokia Corporation)
• Inventors: Alastalo, Ari
• Primary Examiner(s): Tarcza, Thomas H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): ANDREA, BRIAN K
• Application Number:
  US09/818,396
• Time in Patent Office: 630 Days
• Field of Search: 342/174, 342/378, 342/189
• US Class Current: 342/174
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/267 Phased-array testing or checking devices

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for calibrating a smart-antenna array of a wireless access system using TDD, which antenna array comprises antenna elements with a transmit and a receive branch each. In order to enable a time stable calibration, it is proposed that at least some of the antenna elements are selected in turns to be employed for transmitting broadcast messages. This provides time periods in which only one of said elements is transmitting. Each transmit branch is connected to at least one of the receive branches of another element, signals transmitted via these connections being evaluated for calibration. If receive branches are connected to transmit branches of several elements, it is ensured with the proposed selection that during the broadcast periods these receive branches receive at the most a signal from one element, thus avoiding the need for switches. The invention equally relates to a corresponding radio transceiver unit and a corresponding calibration system.

Claims

1. A method for calibrating a smart-antenna array of a wireless access system using time division duplex, which smart antenna array comprises at least two antenna elements, each with a transmit and a receive radio frequency branch, the calibrating being based on the evaluation of signals transmitted via the transmit branch of one of the antenna elements and received via the receive branch of another one of the antenna elements respectively, said transmit and receive branches used for the respective transmission being physically interconnected, wherein at least those transmit branches of antenna elements connected to a receive branch of an antenna element that is connected at the same time to a transmit branch of at least one other antenna element are employed in a predetermined order for transmitting broadcast messages in predetermined broadcast periods during which the respective other antenna elements are prevented from transmitting signals.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitted and received signals are evaluated by determining the phase differences between the received signals and the respective transmitted signals, the determined phase differences being used for determining a value for a phase calibration for each of the at least two antenna elements.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein for calibrating the antenna array a calibration phase for one of N at least two antenna elements is fixed to a value {circumflex over (B)}₁ and wherein the phases of N−

1 further antenna elements are adjusted with calibration phases {circumflex over (B)}₂ to {circumflex over (B)}_N, comprising;

evaluating transmitted and received signals by determining their phase differences Δ

_ij, the first index indicating the respective transmitting and the second index indicating the respective receiving antenna element, both indices i,j lying between 1 and N;

determining the calibration phases {circumflex over (B)}₂ to {circumflex over (B)}_N based on suitable equations {circumflex over (B)}_j−

{circumflex over (B)}_i={circumflex over (x)}_i−

{circumflex over (x)}_j−

(ŷ

_i−

ŷ

_j), the hat {circumflex over ( )} denoting the phase of the respective variable, wherein x_i is the transfer function of the transmit branch of the i^th antenna element and wherein y_j is the transfer function of the receive branch of the j^th antenna element, and based on suitably determined phase differences Δ

_ij, the phase differences Δ

_ij corresponding to {circumflex over (x)}_i+ŷ

_j and the indices i,j lying between 1 and N.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitted and received signals are evaluated by determining the gain between received signals and the corresponding transmitted signals, the determined gains being used for determining a value for a amplitude calibration for each of the at least two antenna elements.

5. The method of claim 4, comprising for an amplitude calibration of a smart antenna array with N at least two antenna elements:

evaluating transmitted and received signals by determining the gain Δ

_ij^a of the respective received signal compared to the respective transmitted signal, the first index indicating the respective transmitting and the second index indicating the respective receiving antenna element, both indices i,j lying between 1 and N;

determining factors |B_n|, with n=1 to N, for an amplitude correction for each of said N antenna elements based on the determined gains Δ

_ij^a and based on the equations;

$<br><br>B_n<br><br>=\frac{<br><br>x_1<br><br><br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br><br><br>y_n<br><br>}{<br><br>x_n<br><br><br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br><br><br>y_1<br><br>},$

wherein x_n is the transfer function of the transmit branch of the n^th antenna element and wherein y_n is the transfer function of the receive branch of the n^th antenna element, the determined gains Δ

_ij^a corresponding to |x_i∥

y_j|.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein for a calibration of the smart antenna array for nulling operations, a factor for an amplitude correction is determined for each of the at least two antenna elements by evaluating signals transmitted between the transmit branch of one antenna element and the receive branch of another antenna element respectively.

7. A radio transceiver unit for a wireless access system using time division duplex comprising:

a smart antenna array with at least two antenna elements, each including a transmit and a receive branch;

a coupler in the transmit and the receive branch of each antenna element for coupling signals out of the transmit branches and for coupling signals into the receive branches;

a physical connection between the coupler in the transmit branch of each antenna element and the coupler in the receive branch of at least one other antenna element respectively;

selection means for selecting in a predetermined order at least each of those transmit branches of antenna elements connected to a receive branch of an antenna element that is connected at the same time to a transmit branch of at least one other antenna element to be employed for transmitting broadcast messages in predetermined broadcast periods during which the respective other antenna elements are prevented from transmitting signals; and

processing means for evaluating signals transmitted via said connections for obtaining calibration information to be used for calibrating the smart antenna array.

8. The radio transceiver unit of claim 7, wherein the processing means are designed for

fixing a calibration phase for one of N at least two antenna elements to a value {circumflex over (B)}₁;

evaluating transmitted and received signals by determining their phase differences Δ

_ij, the first index indicating the respective transmitting and the second index indicating the respective receiving antenna element, both indices i,j lying between 1 and N; and

for

determining the calibration phases {circumflex over (B)}₂ to {circumflex over (B)}_N for the N−

1 further antenna elements based on suitable equations {circumflex over (B)}_j−

{circumflex over (B)}_i={circumflex over (x)}_i−

{circumflex over (x)}_j−

(ŷ

_i−

ŷ

_j), the hat {circumflex over ( )} denoting the phase of the respective variable, wherein x_i is the transfer function of the transmit branch of the i^th antenna element and wherein y_j is the transfer function of the receive branch of the j^th antenna element, and based on suitably determined phase differences Δ

_ij, the phase differences Δ

_ij corresponding to {circumflex over (x)}_i+ŷ

_j and the indices i,j lying between 1 and N.

9. The radio transceiver unit of claim 7, wherein the processing means are designed for

evaluating transmitted and received signals by determining the gain Δ

_ij^a of the respective received signal compared to the respective transmitted signal, the first index indicating the respective transmitting and the second index indicating the respective receiving antenna element, both indices i,j lying between 1 and N, wherein N is the number of the at least two antenna elements; and

for

determining a factor |B_n| with n=1 to N for an amplitude correction for each of the N antenna elements based on the determined gains Δ

_ij^a and on equations;

$<br><br>B_n<br><br>=\frac{<br><br>x_1<br><br><br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br><br><br>y_n<br><br>}{<br><br>x_n<br><br><br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br><br><br>y_1<br><br>},$

wherein x_n is the transfer function of the transmit branch of the n^th antenna element and wherein y_n is the transfer function of the receive branch of the n^th antenna element, the determined gains Δ

_ij^a corresponding to |x_i∥

y_j|.

10. A calibrating system for calibrating a smart antenna array with at least two antenna elements of a wireless access system using time division duplex, each antenna element including a transmit and a receive branch, the system comprising:

a directional coupler in the transmit and the receive branch of each antenna element for coupling signals out of the transmit branches and for coupling signals into the receive branches;

a physical connection between the coupler in the transmit branch of each antenna element and the coupler in the receive branch of at least one other antenna element respectively;

selection means for selecting in a predetermined order at least each of those transmit branches of antenna elements connected to a receive branch of an antenna element that is connected at the same time to a transmit branch of at least one other antenna element to be employed for transmitting broadcast messages in predetermined broadcast periods during which the respective other antenna elements are prevented from transmitting signals; and

processing means for evaluating signals transmitted via said connections for obtaining calibration information to be used for calibrating the smart antenna array.

11. The calibrating system unit of claim 10, wherein the processing means are designed for

fixing a calibration phase for one of N at least two antenna elements to a value {circumflex over (B)}₁;

evaluating transmitted and received signals by determining their phase differences Δ

_ij, the first index indicating the respective transmitting and the second index indicating the respective receiving antenna element, both indices i,j lying between 1 and N; and

for

determining the calibration phases {circumflex over (B)}₂ to {circumflex over (B)}_N for the N−

1 further antenna elements based on suitable equations {circumflex over (B)}_j−

{circumflex over (B)}_i={circumflex over (x)}_i−

{circumflex over (x)}_j−

(ŷ

_i−

ŷ

_j), the hat {circumflex over ( )} denoting the phase of the respective variable, wherein x_i is the transfer function of the transmit branch of the i^th antenna element and wherein y_j is the transfer function of the receive branch of the j^th antenna element, and based on suitably determined phase differences Δ

_ij, the phase differences Δ

_ij corresponding to {circumflex over (x)}_i+ŷ

_j and the indices i,j lying between 1 and N.

12. The calibrating system unit of claim 10, wherein the processing means are designed for

evaluating transmitted and received signals by determining the gain Δ

_ij^a of the respective received signal compared to the respective transmitted signal, the first index indicating the respective transmitting and the second index indicating the respective receiving antenna element, both indices i,j lying between 1 and N, wherein N is the number of the at least two antenna elements; and

for

determining a factor |B_n| with n=1 to N for an amplitude correction for each of the N antenna elements based on the determined gains Δ

_ij^a and on equations;

$<br><br>B_n<br><br>=\frac{<br><br>x_1<br><br><br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br><br><br>y_n<br><br>}{<br><br>x_n<br><br><br><br>\text{\hspace{1em}<br><br>}<br><br><br><br>y_1<br><br>},$

with n=1 to N,

wherein x_n is the transfer function of the transmit branch of the n^th antenna element and wherein y_n is the transfer function of the receive branch of the n^th antenna element,