Solar cell having a three-dimensional array of photovoltaic cells enclosed within an enclosure having reflective surfaces

• US 6,515,217 B1
• Filed: 09/11/2001
• Issued: 02/04/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 09/11/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Eric Aylaian
• Original Assignee: Eric Aylaian
• Inventors: Aylaian, Eric
• Primary Examiner(s): DIAMOND, ALAN D
• Application Number:
  US09/953,501
• Time in Patent Office: 511 Days
• Field of Search: 136/246, 136/249, 136/251, 136/261, 136/262, 136/252, 136/244, 257/433, 257/434, 257/437, 257/443
• US Class Current: 136/246
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/0232 Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device H01L31/0236 takes precedence; for photovoltaic cells H01L31/054; for photovoltaic modules H02S40/20
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/041 Provisions for preventing damage caused by corpuscular radiation, e.g. for space applications
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/043 Mechanically stacked PV cells
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/048 Encapsulation of modules
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/0543 comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/0547 comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/52 PV systems with concentrators

Abstract

A solar collector (100) is provide having increased efficiency and operating life, and reduced size and cost over conventional collectors. Generally, the collector (100) includes a three-dimensional array (110) of cells (104), including a base-layer (112) and at least one elevated-tier (114) above and separated from the base-layer, so that at least some light passes between cells of the tier to the base-layer. Preferably, the tier (114) includes cells (104) oriented to receive light reflected from the base-layer (112). More preferably, the array (100) is within an enclosure (108) having a bottom-wall (120) and sidewalls (122, 124) that reflect a portion of light incident thereon onto the cells (104). In one embodiment, the cells (104) include types of monolithic cells sensitive to different wavelengths of light, and the collector (100) further includes voltage converters (144) to match voltages from the different types of cells to a common output voltage. Optionally, cells (104) susceptible to damage by ultraviolet radiation are oriented to receive only reflected light.

Claims

1. A solar collector comprising:

a two-dimensional array of a plurality of substrates, each substrate having a monolithic photovoltaic cell (PVC) formed on a surface thereof for converting light incident thereon into electrical energy, the plurality of substrates including at least two different types of PVCs receptive to different wavelengths of light and having different band gap energies; and

an enclosure enclosing the two dimensional array of the plurality of substrates, the enclosure including a top-wall having an anti-reflective coating through which light is passed to the PVCs, and a bottom-wall and sidewalls having reflective surfaces to reflect at least a portion of light incident thereon onto the PVCS.

2. A solar collector according to claim 1, further comprising a circuit electrically coupling the PVCs to a voltage output from the solar collector, the circuit including a number of voltage converters to match voltages from the at least two different types of PVCs to a common output voltage.

3. A solar collector according to claim 1, wherein the at least two different types of PVCs are selected from the group consisting of silicon based PVCs, gallium-arsenide (GaAs) based PVCs, aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) based PVCs, and germanium (Ge) based PVCs.

4. A solar collector according to claim 1, wherein the at least two different types of PVCs are selected from the group consisting of GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCS, and Ge based PVCs, and wherein the GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs, and Ge based PVCs comprise a top passivation layer to filter damaging radiation.

5. A solar collector according to claim 1, wherein the enclosure further comprises end-walls joining the top-wall and bottom-wall, the end-walls having anti-reflective coatings thereon and joining the top-wall at an angle selected to facilitate passage of light to the PVCs from a light source inclined relative to a surface of the top-wall.

6. A solar collector comprising a three-dimensional array of a plurality of substrates, each substrate having a photovoltaic cell (PVC) formed on a surface thereof for converting light incident thereon into electrical energy, the three-dimensional array including a base-layer of substrates, and at least one elevated-tier of substrates positioned above and separated from the base-layer of substrates;

and

wherein the PVCs comprise monolithic PVCs, and include at least two different types of PVCs selected from the group consisting of silicon based PVCs, gallium-arsenide (GaAs) based PVCs, aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) based PVCs, and germanium (Ge) based PVCs,

whereby at least a portion of the light passing between the substrates of the elevated-tier is absorbed by the substrates of the base-layer.

7. A solar collector according to claim 6, wherein the substrates of the at least one elevated-tier include substrates having surfaces with the PVCs formed thereon oriented to receive light reflected from the substrates of the base-layer.

8. A solar collector according to claim 6, wherein the at least two different PVCs include PVCs selected from the group consisting of GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs, and wherein the GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs are oriented to receive only light reflected from the substrates of the base-layer,

whereby exposure of the GaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs to damaging radiation is reduced.

9. A solar collector according to claim 6, wherein the GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs comprise a top passivation layer to filter damaging radiation.

10. A solar collector comprising:

a three-dimensional array of a plurality of substrates, each substrate having a photovoltaic cell (PVC) formed on a surface thereof for converting light incident thereon into electrical energy, the three-dimensional array including a base-layer of substrates, and at least one elevated-tier of substrates positioned above and separated from the base-layer of substrates; and

an enclosure enclosing the plurality of substrates, the enclosure having a top-wall with an anti-reflective coating through which light is passed to the PVCs, and a bottom-wall and sidewalls with reflective surfaces to reflect light incident thereon back to the PVCs,

whereby at least a portion of the light passing between the substrates of the elevated-tier is absorbed by the substrates of the base-layer.

11. A solar collector according to claim 10, wherein the enclosure further comprises end-walls joining the top-wall and bottom-wall, the end-walls having anti-reflective coatings thereon and joining the top-wall at an angle selected to facilitate passage of light to the PVCs from a light source inclined relative to a surface of the top-wall.

12. A solar collector according to claim 10, wherein the substrates of the at least one elevated-tier are electrically coupled to and supported above the base-layer by a ground conductor affixed at both ends thereof to the enclosure.

13. A solar collector according to claim 10, wherein the substrates of the at least one elevated-tier include substrates having surfaces with the PVCs formed thereon oriented to receive light reflected from at least one of the substrates of the base-layer and the bottom-wall of the enclosure.

14. A solar collector according to claim 13, wherein the PVCs comprise monolithic PVCs, and include at least two different types of PVCs selected from the group consisting of silicon based PVCs, gallium-arsenide (GaAs) based PVCs, aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) based PVCs, and germanium (Ge) based PVCs.

15. A solar collector according to claim 14, wherein the at least two different PVCs include PVCs selected from the group consisting of GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs, and wherein the GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs are oriented to receive only reflected light,

whereby exposure of the GaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs to damaging radiation is reduced.

16. A solar collector according to claim 14, wherein the GaAs based PVCs, AlGaAs based PVCs and Ge based PVCs comprise a top passivation layer to filter damaging radiation.

17. A solar collector according to claim 14, further comprising a circuit electrically coupling the PVCs to a voltage output from the solar collector, the circuit including a number of voltage converters to match voltages from the at least two different types of PVCs to a common output voltage.

18. A solar collector according to claim 10, further comprising a cooling mechanism selected from the group consisting of:

a plurality of vents in the enclosure to enable movement of air therethrough;

a plurality of vents and a fan to facilitate movement of air through the enclosure, the fan powered by at least one of the PVCs; and

a heat exchanger thermally coupled to the plurality of substrates, the heat exchanger comprising one or more tubes through which a fluid is passed to cool the solar collector.

19. A solar collector according to claim 18, wherein the heat exchanger is adapted to provide heated water.