Vivaldi cloverleaf antenna

• US 6,518,931 B1
• Filed: 03/15/2000
• Issued: 02/11/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 03/15/2000
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: HRL Laboratories LLC (The Boeing Co.)
• Original Assignee: HRL Laboratories LLC (The Boeing Co.)
• Inventors: Sievenpiper, Daniel
• Primary Examiner(s): Wong, Don
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tran, Chuc
• Application Number:
  US09/525,832
• Time in Patent Office: 1,063 Days
• Field of Search: 343/770, 343/767, 343/771, 343/860, 343/863, 343/700.R, 343/700.MS, 343/908, 343/708, 343/795, 343/768, 343/797
• US Class Current: 343/770
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 13/085 Slot-line radiating ends
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 15/006 Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 15/008 said selective devices having Sievenpipers' mushroom elements

Abstract

An antenna for receiving and/or transmitting a radio frequency wave. The antenna includes a plurality of flared notch antennas disposed adjacent to each other and arranged such that their directions of maximum gain point in different directions, each of the flared notch antennas being associated with a pair of radio frequency radiating elements and wherein each radio frequency radiating element serves as a radio frequency radiating element for two different flared notch antennas and has a gap therein having a length equal to approximately one quarter wavelength of the radio frequency wave.

Claims

1. An antenna comprising a plurality of flared notch antennas disposed immediately adjacent each other, each flared notch antenna having a direction of maximum gain which is directed in a different direction for each flared notch antenna, each flared notch antenna being defined by a pair of confronting elements, each said element being associated with two different ones of said plurality of flared notch antennas and each said element having a gap therein, said gap having a length which is approximately equal to a quarter wave length of a radio frequency signal to be received and/or transmitted by the antenna.

2. The antenna of claim 1 further including a high impedance surface, said plurality of flared notch antennas disposed immediately adjacent to said high impedance surface.

3. The antenna of claim 2 wherein the high impedance surface includes a conductive back plane on one surface thereof and a plurality of conductive elements of a second surface thereof, the second elements each having a maximum size which is substantially less than the length of the gaps in said confronting elements.

4. The antenna of claim 3 wherein the plurality of flared notch antennas comprise a plurality of vivaldi antennas.

5. The antenna of claim 4 wherein each confronting element is a generally planar conductive element which extends generally from a central region to an outer extremity with the width of each element increasing over a majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity and wherein each element is interrupted by said gap in a region thereof adjacent said central region.

6. The antenna of claim 5 wherein each confronting element gradually increases in width over said majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity.

7. The antenna of claim 6 wherein each confronting element has an inner extremity which defines a portion of a circle and wherein the plurality of confronting elements are arranged such that their inner extremities define a common circle with said gaps being disposed generally radially with respect to said common circle.

8. The antenna of claim 7 wherein an edge of each confronting element gradually departs away from an edge of an adjacent element and a feed point of one of said flared notch antennas is defined where the edges of adjacent elements most closely approach each other.

9. The antenna of claim 8 wherein said edges of the confronting elements define portions of ellipses.

10. The antenna of claim 2 wherein the high impedance surface comprises an insulating layer including an array of conductive regions, the conductive regions being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions and each conductive region having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

11. The antenna of claim 10 wherein the high impedance surface further includes an conductive ground plane disposed in a uniformly spaced relationship to said array of conductive regions.

12. The antenna of claim 11 wherein the high impedance surface further includes a second array of conductive regions, the conductive regions of the second array being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions of the second array and each conductive region of the second array having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

13. The antenna of claim 12 further including a plurality of conductive elements coupling each of the conductive regions of said second array to said ground plane.

14. The antenna of claim 11 wherein each conductive region is rectilinear.

15. An antenna comprising:

a plurality of Vivaldi flared notch antennas disposed in an array, each Vivaldi Flared notch antenna being formed by two generally planar conductive elements disposed in a confronting relationship with a feed point being defined therebetween and each Vivaldi flared notch antenna sharing each of its two planar elements with a different adjacent Vivaldi flared notch antenna.

16. The antenna of claim 15 wherein each element is defined as a generally planar conductive element which extends generally from a central region to an outer extremity with the width of each element increasing over a majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity and wherein each element is interrupted by a gap therein in a region thereof adjacent said central region.

17. The antenna of claim 16 wherein each element smoothly increases in width over said majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity.

18. The antenna of claim 17 wherein each element has an inner extremity which defines a portion of a circle and wherein the plurality of elements are arranged such that their inner extremities define a common circle with said gaps being disposed generally radially with respect to said common circle.

19. The antenna of claim 18 wherein an edge of each element gradually departs away from an edge of an adjacent element and a feed point of one of said flared notch antennas is defined where the edges of adjacent elements most closely approach each other.

20. The antenna of claim 19 wherein said edges of the elements define portions of ellipses.

21. The antenna of claim 15 further including a high impedance surface disposed adjacent said array, said high impedance surface comprising an insulating substrate.

22. The antenna of claim 21 wherein the high impedance surface also comprises an insulating layer including an array of conductive regions, the conductive regions being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions and each conductive region having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

23. The antenna of claim 22 wherein the high impedance surface further includes an conductive ground plane disposed in a uniformly spaced relationship to said array of conductive regions.

24. The antenna of claim 23 wherein the high impedance surface further includes a second array of conductive regions, the conductive regions of the second array being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions of the second array and each conductive region of the second array having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

25. The antenna of claim 23 further including a plurality of conductive elements wherein coupling each of the conductive regions of said second array to said ground plane.

26. The antenna of claim 22 wherein the conductive regions in said array of conductive regions are sized so that said high impedance surface has a zero phase shift for said radio frequency wave.

27. The antenna of claim 22 wherein each conductive region is rectilinear.

28. An antenna for receiving and/or transmitting a radio frequency wave, the antenna comprising:

a plurality of flared notch antennas disposed adjacent to each other and arranged such that their directions of maximum gain point in different directions, each of the flared notch antennas being associated with a pair of radio frequency radiating elements and wherein each radio frequency radiating element serves as a radio frequency radiating element for two different flared notch antennas and has a gap therein having a length equal to approximately one quarter wavelength of the radio frequency wave.

29. The antenna of claim 28 wherein each element is a generally planar conductive element which extends generally from a central region to an outer extremity with the width of each element increasing over a majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity and wherein each element is interrupted by a gap therein in a region thereof adjacent said central region.

30. The antenna of claim 29 wherein each element gradually increases in width over said majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity.

31. The antenna of claim 30 wherein each element has an inner extremity which defines a portion of a circle and wherein the plurality of elements are arranged such that their inner extremities define a common circle with their gaps being disposed generally radially with respect to said common circle.

32. The antenna of claim 31 wherein an edge of each element gradually departs away from an edge of an adjacent element and a feed point of one of said flared notch antennas is defined where the edges of adjacent elements most closely approach each other.

33. The antenna of claim 32 wherein said edges of the elements define portions of ellipses.

34. The antenna of claim 33 wherein said plurality of flared notch antennas are disposed an insulating substrate.

35. A directional antenna comprising four flared notch antennas disposed immediately adjacent each other, each flared notch antenna having a different direction of maximum gain which direction is arranged at approximately a ninety degree angle relative to the direction of maximum gain for each adjacent flared notch antenna, each flared notch antenna of said four flared notch antennas being coupled to receive a radio wave signal arriving along its direction of maximum gain and to direct the received radio signal to a switch.

36. The directional antenna of claim 35 further including a high impedance surface, said flared notch antennas disposed immediately adjacent to said high impedance surface.

37. The directional antenna of claim 36 wherein the high impedance surface includes a conductive back plane on one surface thereof and a plurality of conductive elements of a second surface thereof, the second elements each having a maximum size which is substantially less than a length of the notches of said flared notch antennas.

38. The directional antenna of claim 36 wherein each flared notch antenna is defined by a pair of confronting elements, each said confronting element being associated with two different ones of said four flared notch antennas and wherein the high impedance surface comprises an insulating layer including a regular repeating array of conductive regions, the conductive regions being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions and each conductive region having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said confronting elements.

39. The directional antenna of claim 38 wherein the high impedance surface further includes an conductive ground plane disposed in a uniformly spaced relationship to said array of conductive regions.

40. The directional antenna of claim 39 wherein the high impedance surface further includes a second array of conductive regions, the conductive regions of the second array being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions of the second array and each conductive region of the second array having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

41. The directional antenna of claim 40 further including a plurality of conductive elements coupling each of the conductive regions of said second array to said ground plane.

42. The directional antenna of claim 39 wherein the conductive regions is said array of conductive regions are sized so that said high impedance surface has a zero phase shift for said radio frequency wave.

43. The directional antenna of claim 39 wherein each conductive region is rectilinear.

44. The antenna of claim 39 wherein the conductive regions in said array of conductive regions are sized so that said high impedance surface has a zero phase shift for said radio frequency wave.

45. The directional antenna of claim 38 wherein the plurality of flared notch antennas comprise a plurality of vivaldi antennas.

46. The directional antenna of claim 45 wherein each confronting element is a generally planar conductive element which extends generally from a central region to an outer extremity with the width of each element increasing over a majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity and wherein each element is interrupted by a gap in a region thereof adjacent said central region.

47. The directional antenna of claim 46 wherein each confronting element gradually increases in width over said majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity.

48. The directional antenna of claim 47 wherein each confronting element has an inner extremity which defines a portion of a circle and wherein the plurality of confronting elements are arranged such that their inner extremities define a common circle with the gaps being disposed generally radially with respect to said common circle.

49. The directional antenna of claim 48 wherein an edge of each confronting element gradually departs away from an edge of an adjacent element and a feed point of one of said flared notch antennas is defined where the edges of adjacent elements most closely approach each other.

50. The directional antenna of claim 49 wherein said edges of the confronting elements define portions of ellipses.

51. A directional antenna comprising:

a plurality of identical flared notch antennas disposed in a regular repeating array of identical flared notch antennas, each flared notch antenna having a different direction of maximum gain and each flared notch antenna being formed by two edges of conductive elements, the edges thereof being disposed in a confronting relationship with a feed point being defined therebetween, and each flared notch antenna receiving in incoming radio frequency signal along its direction of maximum gain.

52. The directional antenna of claim 51 wherein each element is defined as a generally planar conductive element which extends generally from a central region to an outer extremity with the width of each element increasing over a majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity and wherein each element is interrupted by a gap therein in a region thereof adjacent said central region.

53. The directional antenna of claim 52 wherein each element smoothly increases in width over said majority of the distance from the central region to the outer extremity.

54. The directional antenna of claim 53 wherein each element has an inner extremity which defines a portion of a circle and wherein the plurality of elements are arranged such that their inner extremities define a common circle with said gaps being disposed generally radially with respect to said common circle.

55. The directional antenna of claim 54 wherein an edge of each element gradually departs away from an edge of an adjacent element and a feed point of one of said flared notch antennas is defined where the edges of adjacent elements most closely approach each other.

56. The directional antenna of claim 55 wherein said edges of the elements define portions of ellipses.

57. The directional antenna of claim 51 further including a high impedance surface disposed adjacent said array, said high impedance surface comprising an insulating substrate.

58. The directional antenna of claim 57 wherein the high impedance surface also comprises an insulating layer including an array of conductive regions, the conductive regions being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions and each conductive region having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

59. The directional antenna of claim 58 wherein the high impedance surface further includes an conductive ground plane disposed in a uniformly spaced relationship to said array of conductive regions.

60. The directional antenna of claim 59 wherein the high impedance surface further includes a second array of conductive regions, the conductive regions of the second array being spaced from adjacent ones of said conductive regions of the second array and each conductive region of the second array having an area less than 0.01 times the area of one of said elements.

61. The directional antenna of claim 59 further including a plurality of conductive elements wherein coupling each of the conductive regions of said second array to said ground plane.

62. The directional antenna of claim 58 wherein the conductive regions in said array of conductive regions are sized so that said high impedance surface has a zero phase shift for said radio frequency wave.

63. The directional antenna of claim 58 wherein each conductive region is rectilinear.