Acousto-optic filter

• US 6,532,323 B2
• Filed: 12/14/2000
• Issued: 03/11/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 06/16/1997
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Novera Optics, Inc. (Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson)
• Original Assignee: Novera Optics, Inc. (Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson)
• Inventors: Lee, Bong Wan, Kim, Byoung Yoon, Yun, Seok Hyun
• Primary Examiner(s): Healy, Brian
• Application Number:
  US09/738,282
• Publication Number:
  US 20010005439A1
• Time in Patent Office: 817 Days
• Field of Search: 385/7, 385/15, 385/27, 385/28, 385/29, 385/39, 385/42, 385/47, 385/31, 385/123, 385/126, 385/127, 359/180, 359/181, 359/188, 359/127, 359/154, 359/189, 359/195
• US Class Current: 385/28
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02071 Mechanically induced gratings, e.g. having microbends G02B6/02066 takes precedence; mode converters G02B6/14
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/14 Mode converters
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/0134 in optical waveguides
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/125 in an optical waveguide structure

Abstract

An acousto-optic filter has a non-birefringent single mode optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core. The optical fiber has multiple cladding modes and a single core mode that is guided along the core. An acoustic wave propagation member has a proximal end and a distal end coupled to the optical fiber. The acoustic wave propagation member propagates an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launches a flexural wave in the optical fiber. At least one acoustic wave generator is coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member.

Claims

1. An acousto-optic apparatus, comprising:

an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber configured to propagate multiple modes;

an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber; and

at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to another mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave generator produces multiple acoustic signals with individual controllable strengths and frequencies and each of the acoustic signals provides a coupling between one mode to a different mode.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave generator is a shear transducer.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave generator produces multiple acoustic signals with individual controllable strengths and frequencies and each of the acoustic signals provides a coupling between one mode to a different mode.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is mechanically coupled to the optical fiber to create a lower order mode flexure wave in the optical fiber.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is mechanically coupled to the optical fiber and maximizes acoustic energy in the optical fiber.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is coupled to the optical fiber to match a generation of modes carried by the optical fiber.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is tensioned.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is sufficiently tensioned to reduce losses in the flexure wave.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member has an elongated geometric configuration.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is tapered from the proximal to the distal ends.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member has a conical geometric configuration.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member has a longitudinal axis that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member includes an interior with an optical fiber receiving channel.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the optical fiber receiving channel is a capillary channel.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the interior of the acoustic wave propagation member is solid.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is a unitary structure.

18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is directly coupled to the optical fiber.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a coupling member that couples the acoustic wave propagation member to the optical fiber.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the coupling member includes a bonding material.

21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an interface between the acoustic wave propagation member and the optical fiber is mechanically rigid.

22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an exterior surface of the acoustic wave propagation member is polished.

23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interface between the acoustic wave propagation member and the optical fiber is sufficiently mechanically rigid to minimize back reflections of the acoustic wave from the optical fiber to the acoustic wave propagation member.

24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave generator includes a piezoelectric material.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the acoustic wave generator is coupled to an RF signal generator.

26. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the acoustic wave generator has a mechanical resonance at a frequency in the range of 1-20 MHz.

27. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave creates a periodic microbend structure in the optical fiber.

28. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the periodic microbend structure couples light in the fiber from a core mode to a cladding mode.

29. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

an acoustic damper coupled to the optical fiber.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the acoustic damper includes a jacketing material positioned in a surrounding relationship to the optical fiber.

31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein a proximal end of the acoustic damper is tapered.

32. An acousto-optic apparatus, comprising:

an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core;

an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber;

at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator; and

a heatsink with a proximal face and a distal face that is coupled to the acoustic wave generator, wherein the acoustic wave generator is positioned between the acoustic wave propagation member and the heatsink.

33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the acoustic wave generator produces multiple acoustic signals with individual controllable strengths and frequencies and each of the acoustic signals provides a coupling between one mode to a different mode.

34. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the acoustic wave generator is a shear transducer.

35. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator.

36. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein an amount of an optical signal coupled from one mode to another mode is changed by varying an amplitude of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator.

37. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the acoustic wave generator produces multiple acoustic signals with individual controllable strengths and frequencies and each of the acoustic signals provides a coupling between one mode to a different mode.

38. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein the acoustic wave generator includes a piezoelectric material.

39. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the heatsink provides a mount for the acoustic wave generator.

40. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the heatsink is made of a material with a high heat conductivity and a low acoustic impedance.

41. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein an acoustic reflectivity and size of the heatsink is selected to provide a launching efficiency of the acoustic wave into the optical fiber independent of an RF frequency applied to the acoustic wave generator.

42. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the proximal face of the heatsink has a slant surface.

43. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising:

an acoustic wave reflective member positioned at the proximal face of the heatsink.

44. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein a thickness of the heatsink is selected to provide a travel time of an acoustic wave in the heatsink from its distal face to its proximal face, and from its proximal face to its distal face, that substantially matches a travel time of the acoustic wave traveling through the acoustic wave propagation member from its proximal end to its distal end, and from its distal end to its proximal end.

45. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising:

a coupling member positioned between the heatsink and the acoustic wave generator.

46. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the coupling member includes a bonding material.

47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the bonding material is a thermally conductive material.

48. An optical communication system, comprising:

a transmitter;

an acoustic-optic apparatus coupled to the transmitter, the acoustic-optic apparatus including, an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core;

an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber; and

at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to another mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator; and

a receiver coupled to the acoustic-optic apparatus.

49. An optical communication system, comprising:

a transmitter including an acoustic-optic apparatus that has a single mode optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core, an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber, and at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator; and

a receiver coupled to the transmitter.

50. An optical communication system, comprising:

a transmitter; and

a receiver including an acoustic-optic apparatus that has a single mode optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core, an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber, and at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator.

51. An optical communication device, comprising:

a first acousto-optic apparatus including an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core, a first acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the first acoustic wave propagation member propagating a first acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching a first acoustic wave in the optical fiber, the first acousto-optic apparatus including a first acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the first acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the first acoustic wave generator; and

a second acousto-optic apparatus coupled to the optical fiber, the second acousto-optic apparatus including a second acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the second acoustic wave propagation member propagating a second acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching a second acoustic wave in the optical fiber, the second acousto-optic apparatus including a second acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the second acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the second acoustic wave generator.

52. An acousto-optic apparatus, comprising:

an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core;

an acoustic wave propagation member, coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber; and

at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the acoustic wave propagation member for causing the acoustic wave propagation member to launch in the optical fiber an acoustic wave at a selected acoustic frequency and a selected acoustic amplitude, wherein a selected wavelength and an amount of an optical signal coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the selected acoustic frequency and the selected acoustic amplitude, respectively, of the acoustic wave launched in the optical fiber.

53. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave generator produces multiple acoustic signals with individual controllable strengths and frequencies and each of the acoustic signals provides a coupling from one mode to a different mode.

54. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave generator is a shear transducer.

55. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave generator produces multiple acoustic signals with individual controllable strengths and frequencies and each of the acoustic signals provides a coupling one mode to a different mode.

56. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is mechanically coupled to the optical fiber to create a lower order mode flexure wave in the optical fiber.

57. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is mechanically coupled to the optical fiber and maximizes acoustic energy in the optical fiber.

58. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is coupled to the optical fiber to match a generation of modes carried by the optical fiber.

59. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the optical fiber is tensioned.

60. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the optical fiber is sufficiently tensioned to reduce losses in the flexure wave.

61. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member has an elongated geometric configuration.

62. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is tapered from the proximal to the distal ends.

63. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member has a conical geometric configuration.

64. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member has a longitudinal axis that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber.

65. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member includes an interior with an optical fiber receiving channel.

66. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the optical fiber receiving channel is a capillary channel.

67. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the interior of the acoustic wave propagation member is solid.

68. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is a unitary structure.

69. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave propagation member is directly coupled to the optical fiber.

70. The apparatus of claim 52, further comprising:

a coupling member that couples the acoustic wave propagation member to the optical fiber.

71. The apparatus of claim 70, wherein the coupling member includes a bonding material.

72. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein an interface between the acoustic wave propagation member and the optical fiber is mechanically rigid.

73. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein at exterior surface of the acoustic wave propagation member is polished.

74. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the interface between the acoustic wave propagation member and the optical fiber is sufficiently mechanically rigid to minimize back reflections of the acoustic wave from the optical fiber to the acoustic wave propagation member.

75. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave generator includes a piezoelectric material.

76. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein the acoustic wave generator is coupled to an RF signal generator.

77. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein the acoustic wave generator has a mechanical resonance at a frequency in the range of 1-20 MHz.

78. The apparatus of claim 52, wherein the acoustic wave creates a periodic microbend structure in the optical fiber.

79. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein the periodic microbend structure couples light in the fiber from one mode to a different mode.

80. The apparatus of claim 52, further comprising:

an acoustic damper coupled to the optical fiber.

81. The apparatus of claim 80, wherein the acoustic damper includes a jacketing material positioned in a surrounding relationship to the optical fiber.

82. The apparatus of claim 80, wherein a proximal end of the acoustic damper is tapered.

83. An acousto-optic apparatus, comprising:

an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core;

an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber;

at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein an amount of an optical signal coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying an amplitude of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator; and

a heatsink with a proximal face and a distal face that is coupled to the acoustic wave generator, wherein the acoustic wave generator is positioned between the acoustic wave propagation member and the heatsink.

84. An optical communication system, comprising:

a transmitter;

an acoustic-optic apparatus coupled to the transmitter, the acoustic-optic apparatus including, an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core;

an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber; and

at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein an amount of an optical signal coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying an amplitude of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator; and

a receiver coupled to the acoustic-optic apparatus.

85. An optical communication system, comprising:

transmitter including an acoustic-optic apparatus that has an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core, an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber, and at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein an amount of an optical signal coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying an amplitude of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator; and

a receiver coupled to the transmitter.

86. An optical communication system, comprising:

transmitter; and

a receiver including an acoustic-optic apparatus that has an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core, an acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the acoustic wave propagation member propagating an acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching an acoustic wave in the optical fiber, and at least one acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the acoustic wave propagation member, wherein an amount of an optical signal coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying an amplitude of a signal applied to the acoustic wave generator.

87. An optical communication device, comprising:

a first acousto-optic apparatus including an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber having multiple modes guided along the core, a first acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the first acoustic wave propagation member propagating a first acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching a first acoustic wave in the optical fiber, the first acousto-optic apparatus including a first acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the first acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the first acoustic wave generator; and

a second acousto-optic apparatus coupled to the first acousto-optic apparatus, the second acousto-optic apparatus including a second acoustic wave propagation member with a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end being coupled to the optical fiber, the second acoustic wave propagation member propagating a second acoustic wave from the proximal to the distal end and launching a second acoustic wave in the optical fiber, the second acousto-optic apparatus including a second acoustic wave generator coupled to the proximal end of the second acoustic wave propagation member, wherein a wavelength coupled from one mode to a different mode is changed by varying the frequency of a signal applied to the second acoustic wave generator.

88. An acousto-optic apparatus, comprising:

an optical fiber with a longitudinal axis, a core and a cladding in a surrounding relationship to the core, the optical fiber configured to propagate multiple modes; and

an acoustic wave generator for inducing in the optical fiber an acoustic wave at a selected acoustic frequency, wherein a selected light wavelength is tunably coupled from a first mode to a second mode as a function of the selected acoustic frequency.

89. The apparatus of claim 88, wherein the selected acoustic frequency is selected from a tuning range of acoustic frequencies, a first range of light wavelengths that may be coupled between the modes corresponds to the tuning range of acoustic frequencies, and a bandwidth of light wavelengths narrower than the first range and having a center wavelength at the selected wavelength is coupled between the modes in response to launching the acoustic wave at the selected acoustic frequency.

90. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein the center wavelength and the bandwidth of the coupled light wavelengths characterize a notch representing the light energy coupled from the first mode.

91. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein the bandwidth of the coupled light is less than 15 nm.

92. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein the bandwidth of the coupled light is less than 10 nm.

93. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein the bandwidth of the coupled light is less than 5 nm.

94. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein the tuning range of acoustic frequencies is within 20 MHz.

95. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein the tuning range of acoustic frequencies is within 3 MHz.

96. The apparatus of claim 88, wherein an amount of light coupled between modes varies with an amplitude of the acoustic wave launched in the optical fiber.

97. The apparatus of claim 88, wherein an insertion loss of the apparatus is less than 0.9 dB.

98. The apparatus of claim 88, wherein an insertion loss of the apparatus is less than 0.5 dB.

99. The apparatus of claim 88, wherein the optical fiber receives input light having an input spectral profile and the coupling between modes shapes the input spectral profile.

100. The apparatus of claim 99, wherein the shaped profile is within 1.0 dB of a predetermined profile.

101. The apparatus of claim 99, wherein acoustic waves at multiple selected acoustic frequencies are induced in at least one optical fiber carrying the input light to cause modal coupling of multiple wavelengths of the input light.

102. The apparatus of claim 101, wherein the shaped profile is a flattened profile created by the modal coupling of multiple light wavelengths.

103. The apparatus of claim 102, wherein the flattened profile is flat within 1.0 dB.

104. The apparatus of claim 102, wherein the flattened profile is flat within 1.0 dB over a 35 nm light wavelength range.

105. The apparatus of claim 101, wherein the at least one optical fiber is coupled to an optical amplifier, and the modal coupling shapes the gain profile of the optical amplifier.

106. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the shaped gain profile of the optical amplifier is flat within 1.0 dB.

107. A method for coupling light between optical modes comprising:

transmitting light in an optical fiber; and

launching in the optical fiber an acoustic wave at a selected acoustic frequency, wherein a selected light wavelength is tunably coupled from a first mode to a second mode as a function of the selected acoustic frequency.

108. The method of claim 107, wherein the selected acoustic frequency is selected from a tuning range of acoustic frequencies, a first range of light wavelengths that may be coupled between the modes corresponds to the tuning range of acoustic frequencies, and a bandwidth of light wavelengths narrower than the first range and having a center wavelength at the selected wavelength is coupled between the modes in response to launching the acoustic wave at the selected acoustic frequency.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein the center wavelength and the bandwidth of the coupled light wavelengths characterize a notch representing the light energy coupled from the first mode.

110. The method of claim 108, wherein the bandwidth of the coupled light is less than 15 nm.

111. The method of claim 108, wherein the bandwidth of the coupled light is less than 10 nm.

112. The method of claim 108, wherein the bandwidth of the coupled light is less than 5 nm.

113. The method of claim 108, wherein the tuning range of acoustic frequencies is within 20 MHz.

114. The method of claim 108, wherein the tuning range of acoustic frequencies is within 3 MHz.

115. The method of claim 107, wherein an amount of light coupled between modes varies with an amplitude of the acoustic wave launched in the optical fiber.

116. The method of claim 107, wherein an insertion loss due to the coupling is less than 0.9 dB.

117. The method of claim 107, wherein an insertion loss due to the coupling is less than 0.5 dB.

118. The method of claim 107, wherein the light has an input spectral profile, and the coupling between modes shapes the input spectral profile.

119. The method of claim 118, wherein the shaped profile is within 1.0 dB of a predetermined profile.

120. The method of claim 118, wherein acoustic waves at multiple selected acoustic frequencies are induced in at least one optical fiber carrying the light to cause modal coupling of multiple wavelengths of the light.

121. The method of claim 120, wherein the shaped profile is a flattened profile created by the modal coupling of multiple light wavelengths.

122. The method of claim 121, wherein the gain profile is flat within 1.0 DB.

123. The method of claim 121, wherein the gain profile is flat within 1.0 dB over a 35 nm light wavelength range.

124. The method of claim 120, wherein the at least one optical fiber is coupled to an optical amplifier, and the modal coupling shapes the gain profile of the optical amplifier.

125. The method of claim 124, wherein the shaped gain profile of the optical amplifier is flat within 1.0 dB.