Method and apparatus for converting a low dynamic range analog signal to a large dynamic range floating-point digital representation

• US 6,538,593 B2
• Filed: 02/28/2002
• Issued: 03/25/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 10/30/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford Management Co.)
• Original Assignee: Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford Management Co.)
• Inventors: Yang, David, Gamal, Abbas El, Fowler, Boyd
• Primary Examiner(s): JEAN PIERRE, PEGUY
• Application Number:
  US10/085,341
• Publication Number:
  US 20020130799A1
• Time in Patent Office: 390 Days
• Field of Search: 341/155, 341/169, 341/161
• US Class Current: 341/155
• CPC Class Codes: H03M 1/38 sequentially only, e.g. successive approximation type converting more than one bit per step H03M1/14
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 23/741 by increasing the dynamic range of the image compared to the dynamic range of the electronic image sensors
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 23/76 by influencing the image signals

Abstract

An analog-to-digital conversion scheme allows the conversion of a small dynamic range analog signal into a floating-point, digital representation with a larger dynamic range. A montonically changing analog signal is reset to a reference value at time t=0. The analog signal is then sub-converted by an analog-to-digital converter with maximum input signal level S_s to corresponding digital representations at several sub-conversion times t=T₂>T₁, t=T₃>T₂, . . . t=T_M>T_M−1, where T_M≦T. These digital representations are then suitably combined to produce a cumulative, floating-point digital representation which accurately represents the analog signal even if the analog signal has a value greater than S_s at time t=T.

Claims

1. A method for converting an analog signal to a cumulative digital representation using an analog-to-digital converter with an input dynamic range, the cumulative digital representation can have a dynamic range greater than the input dynamic range, the method comprising:

(a) receiving the analog signal from an photodetector after the photodetector is exposed to a scene for a total exposure time T, the analog signal is monotonically changing with respect to T;

(b) sampling the analog signal at subsequent times t=T₁>

0,t=T₂>

T₁,t=T₃>

T₂, . . . t=T_M>

T<sub>M−

1</sub> to produce respective digital representations of the analog signal, wherein T_M<

=T; and

(c) combining the respective digital representations into the cumulative digital representation.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the cumulative digital representation is a cumulative, floating-point, digital representation.

3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the cumulative digital representation is N-bit binary numbers.

4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the N-bit binary numbers correspond to an N-bit Gray Code.

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the combining of the respective digital representations into the cumulative digital representation comprises:

(a) appending the Nth (rightmost) bit of the digital representation corresponding to T₂ to the right of the digital representation corresponding to T₁ to form an N+1 bit intermediate digital representation;

(b) appending the Nth (rightmost) bit of the digital representation corresponding to T₃ to the right of the intermediate digital representation to form a new intermediate digital representation; and

(c) repeating b) for the Nth (rightmost) bit of the digital representations corresponding to T₄, T₅, . . . T_M until only an N+M−

1 bit intermediate digital representation remains, the N+M−

1 bit intermediate digital representation being the cumulative, floating-point, digital representation.

6. An analog-to-digital conversion circuit for converting an analog signal to a cumulative digital representation having a dynamic range greater than an input dynamic range of the analog-to-digital conversion circuit, the circuit comprising:

(a) a first signal generator for generating a first signal having a plurality of levels;

(b) a comparator having a first input connected to receive the first signal and a second input connected to receive the analog signal;

(c) a binary signal generator for generating a series of binary signals; and

(d) a latch having a first input coupled to receive an output of the comparator, the latch also having a data input coupled to receive the binary signals, the output of the comparator controlling when the latch provides an output signal corresponding to the binary signals applied to the data input,

wherein the analog signal is received from a photodetector after the photodetector is exposed to a scene for a total exposure time T;

wherein the latch provides a first N-bit digital code representing the analog signal at a first sampling time T₁>

0, and

wherein the latch provides at least a portion of subsequent N-bit digital codes representing the analog signal_sampled at subsequent sampling times T₂>

T₁, T₃>

T₂, . . . T_M<

T<sub>M−

1</sub>, and T_M<

=T.

7. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 6 wherein a combination of the first N-bit digital code and the portions of the subsequent N-bit digital codes leads to the cumulative digital representation.

8. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 7 wherein the cumulative digital representation is a cumulative, floating-point, digital representation.

9. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 8 wherein the N-bit digital codes correspond to an N-bit binary Gray Code.

10. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 9 wherein the cumulative, floating point, digital representation is obtained by sequentially appending the Nth (rightmost) bit of the subsequent N-bit digital codes to the right of the first N-bit digital code.

11. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 10 wherein the portion of the subsequent N-bit digital codes that is provided by the latch comprises only the Nth (rightmost) bit of the subsequent N-bit digital codes.

12. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 11 wherein the cumulative, floating point, digital representation is obtained by sequentially appending the Nth (rightmost) bit of the subsequent N-bit digital codes to the right of the first N-bit digital code.

13. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 6 further comprising a sampling circuit connected to an output of the latch for outputting the output of the latch at an end of a bit time associated with a bit position of the N-bit digital code.

14. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 6 wherein the first signal generator generates a series of signal levels that correspond to sub-intervals, the analog signal falling within one of the subintervals for each N-bit digital code.

15. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 6 further comprising an image sensor formed as an integrated circuit having a plurality of photodetectors, the photodetectors formed within an image sensor array, each of the photodetectors generating an analog signal, the comparator and the latch being formed within the image sensor array proximate to the photodetectors for converting the analog signal generated by at least one photodetector into a digital code, wherein the comparator is one of a plurality of comparators and the latch is one of a plurality of latches all formed within the image sensor array as part of a plurality of analog-to-digital converter circuits.

16. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 15 wherein one comparator and one latch are assigned to each of the photodetectors.

17. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit according to claim 16 wherein one comparator and one latch are associated with a group of photodetectors.