Integrated fiber devices based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers and evanescent optical coupling

• US 6,556,746 B1
• Filed: 08/10/2001
• Issued: 04/29/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 06/27/2000
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems Corporation
• Original Assignee: Oluma, Inc. (Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems, Inc.)
• Inventors: Pi, Bo, Zhao, Shulai
• Primary Examiner(s): Ullah, Akm E.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Doan, Jennifer
• Application Number:
  US09/927,099
• Time in Patent Office: 627 Days
• Field of Search: 385/15, 385/18, 385/30, 385/31, 385/32, 385/39, 385/50, 385/65, 385/83
• US Class Current: 385/30
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12007 forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12019 characterised by the optical interconnection to or from the AWG devices, e.g. integration or coupling with lasers or photodiodes coupling integrated waveguide to fibre G02B6/30, to optoelectronic element G02B6/42; monolithic integration of integrated waveguides with other optical elements G02B6/12004
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/266 the optical element being an attenuator
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2804 forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2826 using mechanical machining means for shaping of the couplers, e.g. grinding or polishing grinding, polishing in general B24
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2852 using tapping light guides arranged sidewardly, e.g. in a non-parallel relationship with respect to the bus light guides (light extraction or launching through cladding, with or without surface discontinuities, bent structures)
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29332 Wavelength selective couplers, i.e. based on evanescent coupling between light guides, e.g. fused fibre couplers with transverse coupling between fibres having different propagation constant wavelength dependency non wavelength-selective light guide couplers G02B6/28
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29334 Grating-assisted evanescent light guide couplers, i.e. comprising grating at or functionally associated with the coupling region between the light guides, e.g. with a grating positioned where light fields overlap in the coupler
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29355 Cascade arrangement of interferometers
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/30 for use between fibre and thin-film device
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3502 involving direct waveguide displacement, e.g. cantilever type waveguide displacement involving waveguide bending, or displacing an interposed waveguide between stationary waveguides
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3536 involving evanescent coupling variation, e.g. by a moving element such as a membrane which changes the effective refractive index mode converters G02B6/14; adjustable lateral coupling between waveguides G02B6/283; electro- optical refractive index variations G02F1/0118
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3556 NxM switch, i.e. regular arrays of switches elements of matrix type constellation
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/356 in an optical cross-connect device, e.g. routing and switching aspects of interconnecting different paths propagating different wavelengths to (re)configure the various input and output links switching polarized beams G02B6/3594; power equalizers G02B6/356 and G02B6/3594; path selecting means H04Q11/0001
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3582 Housing means or package or arranging details of the switching elements, e.g. for thermal isolation
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3584 constructional details of an associated actuator having a MEMS construction, i.e. constructed using semiconductor technology such as etching MEMS per se B81B, B81C
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3636 the mechanical coupling means being grooves G02B6/3652 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3692 with surface micromachining involving etching, e.g. wet or dry etching steps surface micromachining involving subtractive techniques B81C1/00055

Abstract

Optical Mach-Zehnder interferometers and related devices, systems that have at least one fiber integrated or engaged to a substrate fabricated with one or more grooves. An integrated optical monitoring mechanism may be implemented in such devices.

Claims

1. A device, comprising:

first and second separate optical paths joined to each other at two separate locations to form an input joint and an output joint, said input joint configured to receive input optical signals from either one of said first and said second optical paths and split a received optical signal into a first optical signal into said first optical path and a second optical signal into said second optical path, said output joint configured to combine said first and said second optical signals to cause optical interference therebetween,

wherein at least said first optical path is formed by an optical fiber engaged to a substrate to form two optical fiber coupling ports on one side of said substrate which partially constitute said input and output joints, respectively,

wherein said substrate includes first and second opposing substrate surfaces to have an elongated groove formed over said first substrate surface at each location of said input and said output joints, and at least one opening formed at one end of each elongated groove, each opening formed through said substrate to extend between said first and second substrate surfaces,

wherein said optical fiber passes through each opening from said second substrate surface to said first substrate surface to have a first fiber portion disposed in said elongated groove at location of said input joint and a second fiber portion disposed in said elongated groove at location of said output joint, each of said first and said second fiber portions having a portion of fiber cladding removed to form one of said two optical fiber coupling ports to allow for evanescent coupling of energy between said first and said second optical paths, and

wherein said optical fiber has a first evanescent monitoring surface located on one side of said input joint and formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding for evanescently sampling an input signal to said first and said second optical paths, a second evanescent monitoring surface located on one side of said output joint and formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding for evanescently sampling an output signal to said first and said second optical paths;

a first optical detector located to receive a sample of said input optical signal from said first evanescent monitoring surface of said optical fiber; and

a second optical detector located to receive a sample of said output optical signal from said second evanescent monitoring surface of said optical fiber.

2. The device as in claim 1, wherein said first optical detector is engaged to directly receive light from said first evanescent monitoring surface.

3. The device as in claim 2, wherein said first optical detector is engaged to another substrate which is engaged to said substrate to align said first optical detector with said first evanescent monitoring surface.

4. The device as in claim 1, further comprising a second optical fiber having a receiving evanescent monitoring surface formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding and engaged to said optical fiber by interfacing said receiving evanescent monitoring surface with said first evanescent monitoring surface of said optical fiber for evanescent coupling energy between said optical fiber and said second optical fiber, wherein said first optical detector is engaged to a terminal of said second optical fiber to receive light coupled out of said optical fiber from said first evanescent monitoring surface.

5. The device as in claim 1, wherein a second opening is formed at the other end of said elongated groove located at one of said input and output joints to penetrate said substrate between said first and said second substrate surfaces, said fiber having another portion that passes through said second opening to be over said second substrate surface.

6. The device as in claim 1, wherein said second optical path includes a second optical fiber engaged to a second substrate.

7. The device as in claim 1, wherein said second optical path includes a planar waveguide formed over a second substrate.

8. The device as in claim 7, wherein said planar waveguide path includes an adjustable section between said input and said output joints, said adjustable section being configured to respond to a control signal to cause a relative phase shift between said first and said second optical paths.

9. The device as in claim 1, wherein at least one optical path includes an adjustable section between said input and said output joints, said adjustable section being configured to respond to a control signal to cause a relative phase shift between said first and said second optical paths.

10. The device as in claim 9, wherein said adjustable section is configured to change an index of refraction thereof according to a change in said control signal.

11. The device as in claim 9, wherein said adjustable section is configured to change at least one of a physical length and a refractive index of said adjustable section according to a change in said control signal.

12. The device as in claim 1, wherein said optical fiber in said first optical path includes an adjustable section between said input and said output joints, said adjustable section being configured to respond to a control signal to cause a relative phase shift between said first and said second optical paths at said output joint.

13. The device as in claim 12, wherein said adjustable section exhibits an electro-optic effect.

14. The device as in claim 1, wherein said substrate is configured to have a third elongated groove formed on said second substrate surface, at least one opening formed at one end of said third elongated groove through said substrate to extend between said first and second substrate surfaces, and wherein said optical has a third fiber portion that passes through said one opening from said first substrate surface to said second substrate surface to place a fiber portion with said first evanescent monitoring surface in said third elongated groove.

15. The device as in claim 1, further comprising at least one buffer layer between said optical fiber and a respective substrate that holds said optical fiber, said buffer layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion between coefficients of thermal expansion of said optical fiber and said respective substrate.

16. A device, comprising:

a first fiber having first and second evanescent monitoring ports separated from each other, and first and second separate fiber coupling ports located between said first and second evanescent monitoring ports, wherein each of said evanescent monitoring ports and said fiber coupling ports is formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding to form a coupling surface within a reach of an evanescent field of a guided optical mode of said first fiber;

a second fiber having first and second separate fiber coupling ports each formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding to form a coupling surface within a reach of an evanescent field of a guided optical mode of said second fiber, said second fiber coupled to said first fiber by aligning said first and said second fiber coupling ports of said second fiber to said first and said second fiber coupling ports of said first fiber, respectively, to evanescently exchange energy between said first and said second fibers;

a first optical detector located to receive a first sample of a guided optical signal in said first optical fiber that is evanescently extracted from said first evanescent monitoring port; and

a second optical detector located to receive a second sample of said guided optical signal in said first optical fiber that is evanescently extracted from said second evanescent monitoring port.

17. The device as in claim 16, wherein said first optical detector is directly engaged to said first evanescent coupling port to receive said first sample.

18. The device as in claim 16, further comprising a third optical fiber having a receiving evanescent monitoring port formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding to form a surface within a each an evanescent field of a guided optical mode of said third fiber, said third fiber engaged to said first fiber by interfacing said receiving evanescent monitoring port with said first evanescent monitoring port of for evanescent coupling energy between said first,fiber and said third fiber, wherein said first optical detector is engaged to a terminal of said third optical fiber to receive said first sample.

19. The device as in claim 16, wherein said first fiber includes an adjustable fiber section between said first and said second fiber coupling ports that is responsive to a control signal to change an optical property of said first fiber between said first and said second fiber coupling ports.

20. The device as in claim 19, further comprising a control unit that produces said control signal, said control unit coupled to receive information on a ratio between said first and said second samples received by said first and said second optical detectors and to adjust said optical property according to said information.

21. A device, comprising:

a first fiber module having a first substrate and a first array of fibers engaged on said first substrate, each fiber having first and second separate fiber coupling ports and an adjustable fiber section between said first and said second fiber coupling ports,

wherein each fiber coupling port is formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding to form a coupling surface within a reach of an evanescent field of a guided optical mode of said each fiber, and said adjustable fiber section responds to an external control signal to change an optical property thereof; and

a second fiber module having a second substrate and a second array of fibers engaged to said second substrate, each fiber having first and second separate fiber coupling ports, each fiber coupling port formed by removing a portion of fiber cladding to form a coupling surface within a reach of an evanescent field of a guided optical mode of said each fiber,

wherein said first and said second fiber modules are coupled to each other to align said first and said second fiber coupling ports of each fiber in said first fiber module to said first and said second fiber coupling ports of a respective fiber in said second fiber module, respectively, to evanescently exchange energy therebetween and to form an array of fiber Mach-Zehnder units.

22. The device as in claim 21, further comprising a control unit coupled to each fiber Mach-Zehnder unit to supply said control signal to said adjustable fiber section therein.

23. The device as in claim 21, wherein each fiber in either of said first and said second fiber modules has a first evanescent monitoring port and a second evanescent monitoring port spaced from each other along said each fiber so that said first and said second coupling ports are located between said first and said second evanescent monitoring ports, each evanescent monitoring port formed from removing a portion of fiber cladding to form a coupling surface within a reach of an evanescent field of a guided optical mode of said each fiber, said device further comprising:

a first array of first optical detectors, each detector located to receive a first sample of a guided optical signal in each fiber that is evanescently extracted from said first evanescent monitoring port; and

a second array of second optical detectors, each detector located to receive a second sample of said guided optical signal in each fiber that is evanescently extracted from said second evanescent monitoring port.

24. The device as in claim 23, further comprising a control unit coupled to each fiber Mach-Zehnder unit to supply said control signal to said adjustable fiber section therein, said control unit connected to receive said first and said samples from each pair of first and second optical detectors for each fiber Mach-Zehnder unit.

25. The device as in claim 21, wherein at least one substrate includes first and second opposing substrate surfaces to have an elongated groove formed over said first substrate surface at each location of said fiber coupling ports, and at least one opening formed at one end of each elongated groove, each opening penetrating through said substrate to extend between said first and second substrate surfaces, each fiber engaged to said one substrate passing through each opening from said second substrate surface to said first substrate surface to each fiber coupling port positioned in a respective elongated groove.