Spread spectrum image steganography

• US 6,557,103 B1
• Filed: 02/11/1999
• Issued: 04/29/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 04/13/1998
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
• Inventors: Retter, Charles T., Boncelet, Charles G. Jr., Marvel, Lisa M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Peeso, Thomas R.
• Application Number:
  US09/257,136
• Time in Patent Office: 1,538 Days
• Field of Search: 713/165, 713/181, 713/200, 713/201, 713/176
• US Class Current: 713/176
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 1/00 Secret communication
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32149 Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3281 Encryption; Ciphering
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3283 Compression

Abstract

The Spread Spectrum Image Steganography (SSIS) of the present invention is a data hiding/secret communication steganographic system which uses digital imagery as a cover signal. SSIS provides the ability to hide a significant quantity of information bits within digital images while avoiding detection by an observer. The message is recovered with low error probability due the use of error control coding. SSIS payload is, at a minimum, an order of magnitude greater than of existing watermarking methods. Furthermore, the original image is not needed to extract the hidden information. The proposed recipient need only possess a key in order to reveal the secret message. The very existence of the hidden information is virtually undetectable by human or computer analysis. Finally, SSIS provides resiliency to transmission noise, like that found in a wireless environment and low levels of compression.

Claims

1. A method of decoding steganographic messages embedded within digital signals comprising the following steps:

filtering the digital signal with a restoration filter to produce a restored digital signal;

subtracting the restored digital signal from the digital signal to produce a difference signal;

deinterleaving the difference signal;

replicating a pseudorandom spreading sequence;

demodulating the deinterleaved signal with the spreading sequence to construct an estimate of the message;

decoding the message with an error correcting code to produce a decoded message.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

decrypting the decoded message with a key.

3. A method of decoding steganographic messages embedded within digital images comprising the following steps:

filtering the digital image with a restoration filter to produce a restored digital image;

subtracting the restored digital image from the digital image to produce a difference signal;

deinterleaving the difference signal according to a key;

replicating a pseudorandom spreading sequence according to a key;

demodulating the deinterleaved signal with the spreading sequence to construct an estimate of the message;

decoding the message with an error correcting code comprising a binary expansion of a Reed-Solomon code to produce a decoded message.

4. A method of steganography for concealing messages within digital signals comprising the steps of:

encoding an input message with an error correcting code to produce an encoded message;

generating a spreading sequence with a pseudorandom noise generator according to a key;

modulating the encoded message by the spreading sequence using a piecewise linear technique to produce an embedded signal; and

combining the embedded signal with a cover signal to produce a stegosignal in which the input message is embedded.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising encrypting the input message with a key.

6. The method of claim 4, further comprising interleaving the embedded signal to enhance recovery of the embedded signal.

7. The method of claim 6, where the step of interleaving the embedded signal is performed according to a key.

8. The method of claim 4, where the cover signal is a digital image.

9. The method of claim 4, where the error correcting code comprises a binary expansion of a Reed-Solomon code.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein the piecewise linear function comprises a sign function.

11. The method of claim 4, wherein the generation of the spreading sequence and piecewise linear modulation comprises:

generating a uniformly distributed random sequence, u;

generating a second sequence u′

according to the following formula $u^{\mathrm{\prime <br><br>}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}u+0.5,& 0\le <br><br>u\le <br><br>0.5\\ u-0.5,& 0\le <br><br>u\le <br><br>0.5;<br><br>\end{array}$

forming a spreading sequence by a switch arbitrator which selects from u and u′

arbitrated by the input message.

12. A method of steganography for concealing messages within digital signals comprising the following steps:

encrypting an input message with a key and encoding the input message with an error correcting code to produce an encoded message;

generating a spreading sequence with a pseudorandom noise generator according to a key;

modulating the encodeded message by the spreading sequence to produce an embedded signal and interleaving the embedded signal to enhance recovery of the embedded signal, where the interleaving step is performed according to a key;

combining the embedded signal with a cover signal to produce a stegosignal in which the input message is embedded; and

quantizing the stegosignal to preserve the original the original dynamic range of the cover signal.

13. A method of steganography for concealing messages within digital images comprising the following steps:

encrypting an input message with a key;

encoding the input message with an error correcting code comprising a binary expansion of a Reed-Solomon code to produce an encoded message;

generating a spreading sequence with a pseudorandom noise generator according to a key;

modulating the encoded message by the spreading sequence using a piecewise linear technique to produce an embedded signal;

interleaving the spread spectrum modulated signal according to a key;

combining the embedded signal with a cover image to produce spread spectrum modulated stegoimage in which the input message is embedded; and

quantizing the interleaved spread spectrum modulated stegoimage to preserve the original dynamic range of the cover image.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the piecewise linear function comprises a sign function.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein generation of the spreading sequence comprises

generating a uniformly distributed random sequence, u;

generating a second sequence u′

according to the following formula $u^{\mathrm{\prime <br><br>}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}u+0.5,& 0\le <br><br>u\le <br><br>0.5\\ u-0.5,& 0\le <br><br>u\le <br><br>0.5\end{array}$

forming a spreading sequence by a switch arbitrator which selects from u and u′

arbitrated by the input message.