System and method to provide material property measurement using re-entrant ultrasound

• US 6,601,451 B1
• Filed: 06/20/2001
• Issued: 08/05/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 06/20/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University)
• Original Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University)
• Inventors: Roberts, Ronald Allen
• Primary Examiner(s): Kwok, Helen
• Assistant Examiner(s): MILLER, ROSE MARY
• Application Number:
  US09/885,506
• Time in Patent Office: 776 Days
• Field of Search: 735/79, 735/97, 735/98, 735/99, 736/00, 736/02, 736/27--28, 310/313.R, 310/313.B
• US Class Current: 73/579
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/014 Resonance or resonant frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/015 Attenuation, scattering
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0423 Surface waves, e.g. Rayleigh waves, Love waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/048 Transmission, i.e. analysed material between transmitter and receiver
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/102 one emitter, one receiver
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/041 on the surface of the material, e.g. using Lamb, Rayleigh or shear waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/075 by measuring or comparing phase angle measuring frequencies or phase angles per se G01R23/00, G01R25/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/12 by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves measuring frequency or resonant frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04, G01H13/00; acoustic resonators G10K11/04; vibration or shock testing of structures G01M7/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/348 with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals measuring frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04; measuring frequency or analysing frequency spectra G01R23/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/38 by time filtering, e.g. using time gates

Abstract

Presented is a system and method for performing highly sensitive measurement of ultrasonic attenuation in small material volumes. The invention allows the mapping of the variations on the surface of a specimen with a high spatial resolution. An ultrasonic transmitter and receiver transmit an ultrasonic signal through a material volume, receive the transmitted pulse, and then re-transmit the received pulse again through the same material volume. The system establishes an oscillating circuit by establishing a positive feedback loop by connecting the transmitter to the receiver with appropriate gain. This oscillating circuit contains the propagation through the material as a component in the signal path. Such a system and method may be employed to aid in the recovery of stamped or engraved serial numbers that have been removed through machining. Such recovery is useful for law enforcement, particularly in tracing weapons and auto parts that have been involved in a crime.

Claims

1. A method of measuring variations in material properties in a specimen at different locations, comprising the steps of:

A) transmitting an acoustic signal to establish an acoustic wave on a surface of the specimen over a material volume of length L at a first location of the specimen;

B) receiving the acoustic signal at the end of the length L;

C) amplifying the acoustic signal received in step B);

D) repeating steps A) through C) N times, where N is greater than 1, with the acoustic signal amplified in step C) to establish an oscillating acoustic circuit including as a component thereof the material volume of length L; and

E) repeating steps A) through D) at a second location of the specimen.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step D) is performed to establish the oscillating acoustic circuit such that a frequency of oscillation is established at an integer multiple of a fundamental oscillation frequency.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of F) monitoring the acoustic signal in the oscillating acoustic circuit over a period of time exceeding a transit time of the acoustic wave over the length L.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein step F) further comprises the steps of:

G) setting a trigger delay for an oscilloscope for a period exceeding the transit time;

H) starting the trigger delay at a point on the acoustic signal;

I) capturing the acoustic signal upon the expiration of the trigger delay; and

J) determining a material property change by observing a phase shift in the acoustic signal captured in step I.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein step G) comprises the step of K) setting the trigger delay at an integer multiple of the transit time.

6. The method of claim 4, further comprising the steps of:

L) determining a point of phase stability nearest the trigger delay;

M) monitoring a time position of the point of phase stability; and

N) determining a material property change by observing a movement in the time position of the point of phase stability.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein step F) further comprises the steps of:

G) setting a trigger delay for an oscilloscope for a period exceeding the transit time;

H) starting the trigger delay at a point on the acoustic signal;

I) capturing the acoustic signal upon the expiration of the trigger delay; and

J) determining a material property change by observing an amplitude variation of the acoustic signal.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein step A) comprises the step of transmitting an ultrasonic signal.

9. A method of measuring variations in material properties in a specimen, comprising the steps of:

A) transmitting an acoustic signal to establish an acoustic wave on a surface of the specimen over a material volume of length L;

B) receiving the acoustic signal at the end of the length L;

C) amplifying the acoustic signal received in step B); and

D) repeating steps A) through C) N times, where N is greater than 1, with the acoustic signal amplified in step C) to establish an oscillating acoustic circuit including as a component thereof the material volume of length L;

E) repeating steps A) through D) at different locations on the specimen; and

F) mapping material property variations at the different locations on the specimen.

10. A method of measuring variations in material properties in a specimen, comprising the steps of:

A) transmitting an acoustic signal to establish an acoustic wave on a surface of the specimen over a material volume of length L;

B) receiving the acoustic signal at the end of the length L;

C) amplifying the acoustic signal received in step B); and

D) repeating steps A) through C) N times, where N is greater than 1, with the acoustic signal amplified in step C) to establish an oscillating acoustic circuit including as a component thereof the material volume of length L; and

wherein the length L is approximately one wavelength of the acoustic signal in extent.

11. A method of recovering stamped and engraved serial number information from a specimen that has had the serial number information removed therefrom by machining, comprising the steps of:

A) positioning a pair of ultrasonic transducers at a location over the specimen from which the serial number information has been removed;

B) transmitting an acoustic signal from one of the ultrasonic transducers to establish an acoustic wave on a surface of the specimen;

C) receiving the acoustic signal by the other of the ultrasonic transducers;

D) re-transmitting the acoustic signal received by the other of the ultrasonic transducers to establish an oscillating circuit, the oscillating circuit including as a component thereof the specimen;

E) monitoring the acoustic signal at a time exceeding the transit time of the acoustic signal from one transducer to the other transducer to determine a material property at the location;

F) moving the pair of ultrasonic transducers to a different location of the specimen;

G) repeating steps B) through F) to establish a mapping of material properties at the different locations of the specimen from which the serial number information has been removed.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein step A) is performed such that the acoustic wave on the surface of the specimen established by step B) travels over a length L of the specimen, the length L being on the order of one wavelength of the acoustic signal in extent.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein step B) comprises transmitting an acoustic signal from one of the ultrasonic transducers to establish an acoustic wave on a surface of the specimen.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein step E) comprises the step of monitoring a phase relationship of the acoustic signal.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein step E) comprises the step of monitoring a time position of a point of phase stability in the acoustic signal.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein step E) comprises the step of monitoring an amplitude of the acoustic signal.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein step E) further comprises the step of extending the time at which the acoustic signal is monitored to increase a sensitivity to minute material property changes in the specimen.

18. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of amplifying the acoustic signal received by step C) prior to the re-transmitting step D).

19. An electro-acoustic oscillator for providing high-sensitivity acoustic property measurements with high spatial resolution within a small material volume of a specimen at various locations of the specimen, comprising:

a pair of transducers positioned in relation to one another such that an acoustic signal transmitted by one transducer and establishing a surface acoustic wave in the small material volume of the specimen is received by the other transducer, the pair of transducers being movable in relation to the specimen;

an amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the transducer that is positioned to receive the acoustic signal, and an output coupled to an input of the transducer that is positioned to transmit the acoustic signal; and

acoustic signal monitoring equipment coupled between the pair of transducers, the acoustic signal monitoring equipment operable to monitor the acoustic signal for a period longer than a transit time of the acoustic signal through the specimen; and

wherein the pair of transducers and the amplifier are operable to establish an oscillating acoustic circuit having as a component thereof the specimen, the one transducer re-transmitting the acoustic signal received by the other transducer N times, wherein N is greater than 1.

20. The oscillator of claim 19, wherein the one transducer is operable to transmit an ultrasonic signal.

21. The oscillator of claim 19, wherein the acoustic signal monitoring equipment is an oscilloscope.

22. The oscillator of claim 21, wherein the oscilloscope has a trigger delay set longer than the transit time of the acoustic signal, the oscilloscope capturing the acoustic signal upon expiration of the trigger delay.

23. The oscillator of claim 22, wherein sensitivity to material properties is increased by increasing by lengthening the trigger delay.

24. The oscillator of claim 22, wherein a change in material properties is detectable as a phase shift in the acoustic signal captured by the oscilloscope.

25. The oscillator of claim 22, wherein a change in material properties is detectable as an amplitude variation in the acoustic signal captured by the oscilloscope.