Message authentication code using image histograms

• US 6,606,393 B1
• Filed: 12/02/1999
• Issued: 08/12/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 12/02/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Verizon Laboratories Incorporated (Verizon Communications Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Verizon Laboratories Incorporated (Verizon Communications Inc.)
• Inventors: Xie, Liehua, Lewis, Arianne M., Basch, Evert, Arce, Gonzalo
• Primary Examiner(s): Mehta, Bhavesh M.
• Assistant Examiner(s): CARTER, AARON W
• Application Number:
  US09/453,145
• Time in Patent Office: 1,349 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100, 382/232, 382/168-172, 380/51, 380/54, 380/210, 380/252, 380/287, 713/176, 348/461
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0052 Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0061 Embedding of the watermark in each block of the image, e.g. segmented watermarking

Abstract

According to the principles of the invention, there is provided a system for generating a message authentication code for a conventional digital video stream. The system operates on the rows and columns of block data for a video stream, and more specifically on histograms of DC coefficients from each row and column, to produce a compact code that is nonetheless descriptive of the underlying images in the video stream. The message authentication code can be reproduced from the images of a received video stream, and if desired, compared with a digital watermark embedded in the video stream in order to confirm the accuracy of the video content or identify the source of the video stream.

Claims

1. A method of generating a message authentication code comprising:

receiving a plurality of blocks of image data, each block corresponding to a particular one of a plurality of rows and a particular one of a plurality of columns of an image;

generating a row histogram for each particular one of the plurality of rows, the row histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows;

generating a row representation from each row histogram, the row representation corresponding to the particular one of the rows from which the row histogram was formed;

generating a column histogram for each particular one of the plurality of columns, the column histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns;

generating a column representation from each column histogram, the column representation corresponding to the particular one of the columns from which the column histogram was formed; and

generating a message authentication code comprising the plurality of row representations and the plurality of column representations.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising encrypting the message authentication code.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising including an error correction code with the message authentication code.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein each row histogram represents a plurality of DC coefficient values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows, and wherein each column histogram represents a plurality of DC coefficient values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein each row histogram represents a plurality of block average values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows, and wherein each column histogram represents a plurality of block average values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein each row histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins, and wherein each column histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein each row representation is a row parity bit and each column representation is a column parity bit.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein:

generating the row parity bit further comprises forming a row digital sequence from the row histogram, the row digital sequence including a row bin bit for each bin of the row histogram, and generating the row parity bit by summing the row bin bits of the digital sequence; and

generating the column parity bit further comprises forming a column digital sequence from the column histogram, the column digital sequence including a column bin bit for each bin of the column histogram, and generating the column parity bit by summing the column bin bits of the column digital sequence.

9. The method of claim 7 wherein generating the message authentication code includes concatenating each of the row parity bits and each of the column parity bits.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the message authentication code is a one-hundred fifty bit message authentication code.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of blocks of image data comprise a Moving Picture Experts Group video stream.

12. A method of using a message authentication code comprising:

receiving a plurality of blocks of image data, each block corresponding to a particular one of a plurality of rows and a particular one of a plurality of columns of an image;

generating a row histogram for each particular one of the plurality of rows, the row histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows;

generating a row representation from each row histogram, the row representation corresponding to the particular one of the rows from which the row histogram was formed;

generating a column histogram for each particular one of the plurality of columns, the column histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns;

generating a column representation from each column histogram, the column representation corresponding to the particular one of the columns from which the column histogram was formed;

generating a message authentication code comprising the plurality of row representations and the plurality of column representations;

reading a watermark from the plurality of blocks of image data; and

comparing the watermark to the message authentication code.

13. The method of claim 12 further comprising decrypting the watermark before comparing it to the message authentication code.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein each row histogram represents a plurality of DC coefficient values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows, and wherein each column histogram represents a plurality of DC coefficient values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns.

15. The method of claim 12 wherein each row histogram represents a plurality of block average values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows, and wherein each column histogram represents a plurality of block average values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns.

16. The method of claim 12 wherein each row histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins, and wherein each column histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins.

17. The method of claim 12 wherein each row representation is a row parity bit and each column representation is a column parity bit.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein:

generating the row parity bit further comprises forming a row digital sequence from the row histogram, the row digital sequence including a row bin bit for each bin of the row histogram, and generating the row parity bit by summing the row bin bits of the digital sequence; and

generating the column parity bit further comprises forming a column digital sequence from the column histogram, the column digital sequence including a column bin bit for each bin of the column histogram, and generating the column parity bit by summing the column bin bits of the column digital sequence.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein generating the message authentication code includes concatenating each of the row parity bits and each of the column parity bits.

20. The method of claim 12 wherein the message authentication code comprises a one-hundred fifty bit message authentication code.

21. The method of claim 12 wherein the plurality of blocks of image data comprise a Moving Picture Experts Group video stream.

22. The method of claim 12 wherein comparing the watermark to the message authentication code further comprises localizing errors in the plurality of blocks of image data.

23. A system for generating a message authentication code comprising:

means for receiving a plurality of blocks of image data, each block corresponding to a particular one of a plurality of rows and a particular one of a plurality of columns of an image;

means for generating a row histogram for each particular one of the plurality of rows, the row histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows;

means for generating a row representation from each row histogram, the row representation corresponding to the particular one of the rows from which the row histogram was formed;

means for generating a column histogram for each particular one of the plurality of columns, the column histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns;

means for generating a column representation from each column histogram, the column representation corresponding to the particular one of the columns from which the column histogram was formed; and

means for generating a message authentication code comprising the plurality of row representations and the plurality of column representations.

24. The system of claim 23 wherein each row representation is a row parity bit and each column representation is a column parity bit.

25. The system of claim 23 further comprising means for encrypting the message authentication code.

26. The system of claim 23 further comprising means for including error correction with the message authentication code.

27. The system of claim 26, further comprising:

a Moving Picture Experts Group encoder for providing the plurality of blocks of image data to the receiving means; and

a watermark unit for embedding the message authentication code in the plurality of blocks of image data.

28. The system of claim 26 further comprising:

a Moving Picture Experts Group decoder for providing the plurality of blocks of image data to the receiving means;

a watermark reader for reading a watermark embedded in the plurality of blocks of image data; and

a watermark processor for comparing the watermark to the message authentication code.

29. A digital video encoder comprising:

a transform unit, the transform unit receiving a plurality of blocks of video data and performing a two-dimensional transform on each block to provide a transformed block, each transformed block including a plurality of coefficients;

a quantizer, the quantizer receiving each transformed block and scaling each coefficient of each transformed block using a quantization index, thereby providing a plurality of quantized blocks;

a message authentication code generator, the message authentication code generator receiving each of the plurality of quantized blocks and generating a message authentication code, the message authentication code including a plurality of row parity bits and a plurality of column parity bits, each one of the plurality of row parity bits determined according to a parity of a sum of corresponding row histogram bins containing DC coefficients, and each one of the column parity bits determined according to a parity of a sum of corresponding column histogram bins containing DC coefficients; and

a watermark unit, the watermark unit receiving the message authentication code and the plurality of quantized blocks, and the watermark unit embedding the message authentication code into the plurality of quantized blocks.

30. The digital video encoder of claim 29 wherein the message authentication code generator encrypts the message authentication code.

31. The digital video encoder of claim 29 wherein each row histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins, and wherein each column histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins.

32. The digital video encoder of claim 29 wherein the message authentication code comprises a concatenation of each of the plurality of row parity bits and each of the plurality of column parity bits.

33. The digital video encoder of claim 29 wherein the message authentication code is a one-hundred fifty bit message authentication code.

34. The digital video encoder of claim 29 wherein the plurality of blocks of video data comprise a Moving Picture Experts Group video stream.

35. A message authentication code embodied in a Moving Picture Experts Group video data carrier signal, the message authentication code comprising:

a plurality of row parity bits, one row parity bit for each row of transformed blocks of an image, each one of the row parity bits determined according to a parity of a sum of corresponding row histogram bins containing DC coefficients; and

a plurality of column parity bits, one column parity bit for each column of transformed blocks of the image, each one of the column parity bits determined according to a parity of a sum of corresponding column histogram bins containing DC coefficients.

36. The message authentication code of claim 35 wherein the plurality of row parity bits comprises sixty row parity bits and the plurality of column parity bits comprises ninety column parity bits.

37. The message authentication code of claim 35 wherein the plurality of column parity bits and the plurality of row parity bits are encrypted.

38. A computer program product for generating a message authentication code, embodied in machine executable code for performing the following steps:

receiving a plurality of blocks of image data, each block corresponding to a particular one of a plurality of rows and a particular one of a plurality of columns of an image;

generating a row histogram for each particular one of the plurality of rows, the row histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows;

generating a row representation from each row histogram, the row representation corresponding to the particular one of the rows from which the row histogram was formed;

generating a column histogram for each particular one of the plurality of columns, the column histogram representing values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns;

generating a column representation from each column histogram, the column representation corresponding to the particular one of the columns from which the column histogram was formed; and

generating a message authentication code comprising the plurality of row representations and the plurality of column representations.

39. The computer program product of claim 38 further comprising machine executable code for encrypting the message authentication code.

40. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein each row histogram represents a plurality of DC coefficient values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows, and wherein each column histogram represents a plurality of DC coefficient values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns.

41. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein each row histogram represents a plurality of block average values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of rows, and wherein each column histogram represents a plurality of block average values in blocks corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of columns.

42. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein each row histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins, and wherein each column histogram comprises eight evenly spaced, contiguous bins.

43. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein:

generating the row representation further comprises forming a row digital sequence from the row histogram, the row digital sequence including a row bin bit for each bin of the row histogram, and generating a row parity bit by summing the row bin bits of the digital sequence; and

generating the column representation further comprises forming a column digital sequence from the column histogram, the column digital sequence including a column bin bit for each bin of the column histogram, and generating a column parity bit by summing the column bin bits of the column digital sequence.

44. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein generating the message authentication code includes concatenating each of the row representations and each of the column representations.

45. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein the message authentication code is a one-hundred fifty-bit message authentication code.

46. The computer program product of claim 38 wherein the plurality of blocks of image data comprise a Moving Picture Experts Group video stream.