Overcharge protection device and methods for lithium based rechargeable batteries

• US 6,608,470 B1
• Filed: 05/25/2000
• Issued: 08/19/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 01/31/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Motorola Solutions, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Motorola, Inc. (Motorola Solutions, Inc.)
• Inventors: Burns, Arthur G., More, Georgina, Oglesbee, John Wendell
• Primary Examiner(s): Tso, Edward H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): LUK, LAWRENCE W
• Application Number:
  US09/578,311
• Time in Patent Office: 1,181 Days
• Field of Search: 320/136, 320/135, 320/134, 320/137, 320/127, 324/426, 324/427, 307/109, 307/110
• US Class Current: 320/136
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/49111 the connectors connecting two common bonding areas, e.g. Litz or braid wires
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/49113 the connectors connecting different bonding areas on the semiconductor or solid-state body to a common bonding area outside the body, e.g. converging wires
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/19107 off-chip wires
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/42 Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells H01M10/60 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/425 Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing printed circuits H05K1/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2200/00 Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2200/10 Temperature sensitive devices
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2200/106 PTC
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2200/20 Pressure-sensitive devices
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/581 in response to temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/583 in response to current, e.g. fuses
• CPC Class Codes: H02H 7/18 for batteries; for accumulators
• CPC Class Codes: H02H 9/042 comprising means to limit the absorbed power or indicate damaged over-voltage protection device
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00 Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00302 Overcharge protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00304 Overcurrent protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00308 Overvoltage protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00309 Overheat or overtemperature protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0031 using battery or load disconnect circuits H02J9/002 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

A protection circuit (100) and protection device (300) for protecting a rechargeable (lithium-based) battery cell or cells from overcharging. A voltage regulator element (110, 310) is connected in parallel with the battery cell or cells (5) and is thermally coupled to a thermal element (120, 322, 326) connected in series with the charging current supply. The voltage regulator element (110, 310) prevents overcharging of the battery (5) by shunting current away from the battery when a predetermined voltage across the battery is exceeded. Moreover, the thermal element (120, 322, 326) prevents failure of the voltage regulator element (110, 310) by open circuiting the current path when the heat dissipated by the voltage regulator element (110, 310), thermally coupled to the thermal element (120, 322, 326) causes the thermal element to enter a high resistance state. Additional protection may be provided by fuse bonds (332, 334) connecting the combination of the shunt voltage regulator 310 and the thermal elements (322, 326) to the charging current supply and to the battery (5).

Claims

1. A batter protection circuit comprising:

a voltage regulator for connection in shunt across terminals of a rechargeable battery to prevent charging of the rechargeable battery over a predetermined voltage; and

a thermal element connected in series with the voltage regulator element and for connection to a supply of charging current, the thermal element being thermally coupled to the voltage regulator;

wherein the thermal element is responsive to heat coupled to it from the voltage regulator caused by dissipation of energy within the voltage regulator so as to open and disconnect the rechargeable battery from charging current when a voltage across the voltage regulator element exceeds a predetermined threshold.

2. The battery protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator is a zener diode.

3. The battery protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator and the thermal element are combined within a single integrated circuit.

4. The battery protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator is a monolithic semiconductor integrated circuit shunt voltage regulator.

5. The battery protection circuit of claim 4, wherein the voltage regulator and the thermal element are combined in a single integrated assembly.

6. The battery protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the thermal element is a member selected from the group comprising a thermal fuse, thermostat, solid state thermal switch, and a non-linear positive coefficient thermal resistor.

7. A rechargeable battery comprising at least one cell and the circuit of claim 1 integrated therewith.

8. A battery protection circuit of claim 1, and further comprising fuse bonds for connecting the voltage regulator and the thermal element to terminals of a battery charger and terminals of the battery to be charged.

9. The battery protection circuit of claim 8, wherein the fuse bonds are bond straps.

10. The battery protection circuit of claim 8, wherein the fuse bonds are wire bonds.

11. The battery protection circuit of claim 1, and further comprising a heatspreader element for thermally coupling the voltage regulator to the thermal resistor.

12. The battery protection circuit of claim 1, and further comprising a reverse polarity diode connected in parallel with the voltage regulator.

13. A power hybrid protection device having an input terminal for connection to a supply of charging current and an output terminal for connection to a terminal of a rechargeable battery cell or cells to be protected, the protection device comprising:

a first thermal resistor connected in series with the input terminal; and

a shunt voltage regulator connected between the first thermal resistor and ground;

wherein the shunt voltage regulator is thermally coupled to the first thermal resistor and prevents charging of the battery over a predetermined voltage by causing the first thermal resistor to enter a high impedance state when the voltage across the output terminals exceeds a predetermined voltage.

14. The protection device of claim 13, and further comprising a heat spreader circuit that thermally couples the first thermal resistor and the shunt voltage regulator.

15. The protection device of claim 13, and further comprising a first fuse bond connecting the first terminal resistor to the input terminal, the first fuse bond responsive to short circuit failure of the shunt voltage regulator or the first thermal resistor, to open circuit and prevent current flow into or out of the input terminal.

16. The protection device of claim 15, and further comprising a second thermal resistor connected in series between the shunt voltage regulator and the output terminal, the second thermal resistor being thermally coupled to the shunt voltage regulator and entering a high impedance state when the voltage across the output terminals exceeds a predetermined voltage.

17. The protection device of claim 16, and further comprising a second fuse bond connecting the second thermal resistor to the output terminal, the second fuse bond responsive to short circuit failure of the shunt voltage regulator or the second thermal resistor, to open circuit and prevent current flow into or out of the battery cell.

18. The protection device of claim 17, and further comprising a heat spreader element that thermally couples the first and second thermal resistors to the shunt voltage regulator.

19. The protection device of claim 13, and further comprising a second thermal resistor connected in series between the shunt voltage regulator and the output terminal, the second thermal resistor being thermally coupled to the shunt voltage regulator.

20. The power hybrid protection device of claim 13, and further comprising a reverse polarity diode connected in parallel with the shunt voltage regulator.

21. The power hybrid protection device of claim 20, wherein the shunt voltage regulator and the reverse polarity diode are implemented in a monolithic semiconductor integrated circuit die.

22. The power hybrid protection device of claim 13, and further comprising a heat spreader element for thermally coupling the shunt voltage regulator to the first thermal resistor, wherein the shunt voltage regulator is implemented on a monolithic semiconductor integrated circuit die, the first thermal resistor comprises a resistive element layer and a conductive layer, the resistive element layer of the first thermal resistor and the monolithic semiconductor integrated circuit die being disposed in contact with the heat spreader element and the input terminal being disposed in contact with the conductive layer of the first thermal resistor and the output terminal being disposed in contact with the monolithic semiconductor integrated circuit die.

23. A method for protecting a rechargeable battery from overcharging comprising:

placing a voltage regulating element in parallel with the rechargeable battery to shunt current away from the rechargeable battery when voltage across the rechargeable battery exceeds a predetermined threshold; and

thermally coupling a temperature sensitive resistive element to the voltage regulating element and connecting the resistive element in series with a charging current supply so that the temperature sensitive resistive element enters a high impedance state effectively open circuiting a charging current path to the rechargeable battery in response to heat dissipation of the voltage regulating element caused by overcharging of the rechargeable battery.