Method and apparatus for determining document authenticity

• US 6,621,916 B1
• Filed: 09/02/1999
• Issued: 09/16/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 09/02/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: West Virginia University
• Original Assignee: West Virginia University
• Inventors: Pertl, Franz A., Duhn, Curtis, Vance, Kenneth E., Craven, Robert P. M., Smith, James E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Patel, Jayanti K.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tabatabai, Abolfazl
• Application Number:
  US09/389,675
• Time in Patent Office: 1,475 Days
• Field of Search: 382/112, 382/135, 382/181, 250/556, 250/569, 356/71, 356/446, 356/448, 356/402, 340/5.8, 340/5.86, 194/207
• US Class Current: 382/112
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/02 Details
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0208 using focussing or collimating elements, e.g. lenses or mirrors; performing aberration correction
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0218 using optical fibers
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0291 Housings; Spectrometer accessories; Spatial arrangement of elements, e.g. folded path arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/42 Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry beam switching arrangements G01J3/08
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/1205 Testing spectral properties

Abstract

A method and apparatus for verifying the authenticity of a document relative to a previously programmed document are disclosed. The method provides a broadband light source; illuminates a document with the light source; collects reflected light; converts it into a corresponding electrical signal or signals; digitizes the electrical signals; and prepares a spectral signature of the document for further analysis. The spectral signature can also be normalized to account for variations in analyzed documents caused by soiling and fading. The method also provides for comparing a previously programmed and stored spectral signature to the spectral signature of a test document using a matching value to indicate whether the test document is authentic or not. The apparatus provides a device for application of the method for verifying document authenticity.

Claims

1. A method for determining the authenticity of a document comprising:

providing a broadband light source;

illuminating at least a portion of said document with said broadband light source to produce a broadband spectrum of reflected light from said document;

collecting said broadband spectrum of reflected light;

converting said broadband spectrum of reflected light into at least one electrical signal corresponding to said broadband spectrum of reflected light;

generating an intensity value for each of a plurality of different wavelengths of light in the broadband spectrum of reflected light;

digitizing said electrical signals of said broadband spectrum of reflected light;

producing a spectral signature that includes an array of the intensity values; and

comparing said array of intensity values of said spectral signature with an array of reference intensity values of a reference spectral signature to determine an authenticity for said document.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the reference spectral signature by generating an intensity value for each of a plurality of different wavelengths of light reflected from each of a plurality of reference documents of known authenticity and mathematically combining the intensity values for each of the plurality of different wavelengths of light reflected from the reference documents to determine the reference intensity value for each of the plurality of different wavelengths.

3. The method of claim 1, further including the step of outputting said authenticity determination.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said comparing step comprises using a matching function to compare said spectral signatures.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of collecting said reflected light with an optical fiber, collimating said reflected light, diffracting said reflected light, and focusing said reflected light on a means for sensing light.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein said focusing step comprises using a means for sensing light having a CCD photosensor array.

7. The method of claim 5, further comprising the step of using a microprocessor for controlling an exposure period of said means for sensing light.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of providing a broadband light source comprises providing a tungsten halogen lamp.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising clipping a noise floor of said spectral signature.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of illuminating at least a portion of said document comprises illuminating only a portion of said document.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of indexing said document to illuminate a predetermined portion of said document.

12. The method of claim 1, further including the step of employing a document having two surfaces.

13. The method of claim 12, further including the step of illuminating a portion of only one said surface of said document.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said digitizing step comprises using a microcontroller to digitize said electrical signals.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein said illuminating step further comprises producing reflected light having a wavelength from about 400 to 15,000 nanometers.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of providing a broadband light source comprises providing a light source having a wavelength from about 400 to 15,000 nanometers.

17. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing currency as said document.

18. A method for determining the authenticity of a document comprising:

providing a broadband light source,

illuminating at least a portion of said document with said light source to produce reflected light from said document;

collecting said reflected light;

converting said reflected light into at least one electrical signal corresponding to said reflected light;

digitizing said electrical signals of said reflected light;

producing a spectral signature, and

wherein said using a matching function step comprises using the equation $\mathrm{HQI}=\underset{j=0}{\overset{127}{\sum <br><br>}}<br><br><br><br>T_i-S_i<br><br>$

to compare said spectral signature, wherein T_i and S_i respectively represent said produced and said stored spectral signatures.

19. A method for determining the authenticity of a document comprising:

providing a broadband light source;

illuminating at least a portion of said document with said light source to produce reflected light from said document;

collecting said reflected light;

converting said reflected light into at least one electrical signal corresponding to said reflected light;

digitizing said electrical signals of said reflected light;

producing a spectral signature; and

normalizing said spectral signature.

20. A method for determining the authenticity of a document comprising:

providing a broadband light source;

illuminating at least a portion of said document with said light source to produce reflected light from said document;

collecting said reflected light;

converting said reflected light into at least one electrical signal corresponding to said reflected light;

digitizing said electrical signals of said reflected light;

producing a spectral signature; and

using the equations $N_i=\frac{{\mathrm{nC}}_i}{\underset{j=0}{\overset{127}{\sum <br><br>}}<br><br>C_j}$

to normalize said spectral signature.

21. An apparatus for authenticating a document comprising:

means for providing a broadband light source;

means for illuminating at least a portion of a document with said broadband light source to produce a broadband spectrum of reflected light from said document;

means for collecting said broadband spectrum of reflected light;

means for converting said broadband spectrum of reflected light into at least one electrical signal corresponding to said broadband spectrum of reflected light;

means for generating an intensity value for each of a plurality of different wavelengths of light in the broadband spectrum of reflected light;

means for digitizing said electrical signals of said broadband spectrum of reflected light;

means for producing a spectral signature that includes an array of the intensity values of said document; and

means for comparing said array of intensity values of said spectral signature with an array of reference intensity values of a reference spectral signature to determine an authenticity for said document.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for generating the reference spectral signature by generating an intensity value for each of a plurality of different wavelengths of light reflected from each of a plurality of reference documents of known authenticity and mathematically combining the intensity values for each of the plurality of different wavelengths of light reflected from the reference documents to determine the reference intensity value for each of the plurality of different wavelengths.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, further including means for outputting said authenticity of said document.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said means for outputting comprises means for activating a first signal for a document determined to be authentic and means for activating a second signal for a document which is determined to be not authentic.

25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said means for providing a broadband light source comprises a tungsten halogen lamp.

26. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for indexing said document to illuminate a predetermined portion of said document.

27. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the wavelength of said reflected light is from about 400 to 15,000 nanometers.