Authentication of signals using watermarks

• US 6,625,295 B1
• Filed: 03/08/1999
• Issued: 09/23/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 09/13/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Purdue Research Foundation (Purdue University)
• Original Assignee: Purdue Research Foundation (Purdue University)
• Inventors: Wolfgang, Raymond B., Delp, Edward J. III
• Primary Examiner(s): Mehta, Bhavesh M.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Choobin, Barry
• Application Number:
  US09/011,213
• Time in Patent Office: 1,660 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100, 380/54, 386/94, 713/176, 700/94, 709/219, 358/1.9, 283/82
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0061 Embedding of the watermark in each block of the image, e.g. segmented watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0081 whereby both original and watermarked images are required at decoder, e.g. destination-based, non-blind, non-oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32101 Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32144 embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32203 Spatial or amplitude domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32277 Compression
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32309 in colour image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32341 Blind embedding, i.e. the original image not being known beforehand
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/328 Processing of the additional information

Abstract

A method of determining if at least a portion of a suspect signal (58) is derived from a watermarked original signal (56) includes the steps of providing a watermark (50) and creating the watermarked original signal (56) by incorporating the watermark (50) onto an original signal (52). At least one first watermark indicator is generated (64) based on the the watermarked original signal (56) and the watermark (50) and at least one second watermark indicator is generated (62) based on the suspect signal (58) and the watermark (50). A determination is made (66, 68, 70) whether at least a portion of the suspect signal (58) is derived from the watermarked original signal (56) is made based on the at least one first watermark indicator (64) and the at least one second watermark indicator (62).

Claims

1. A method of determining if at least a portion of a suspect signal is derived from a watermarked original signal comprising the steps of:

providing a watermark;

creating the watermarked original signal by incorporating the watermark onto an original signal;

generating at least one first watermark indicator based on the watermarked original signal and the watermark;

generating at least one second watermark indicator based on the suspect signal and the watermark; and

determining a degree of authenticity of the suspect signal based on the at least one first watermark indicator and the at least one second watermark indicator.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the watermark is visually imperceptible after incorporation onto the original signal.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the original signal is a digital signal.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the original signal is selected from the group comprising digital images, digital audio, and digital video.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a watermark comprises providing a watermark that is substantially random.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the original signal is a digital signal and the step of providing a watermark comprises creating a watermark based on an m-sequence.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the length of the m-sequence is greater than the length of the digital signal.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the watermark is based on a plurality of non-adjacent sections from the m-sequence.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the original signal is a digital image comprising a plurality of planes and the step of creating the watermarked original signal comprises incorporating at least a portion of the watermark onto at least one plane of the digital image.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of providing a watermark comprises providing a separate watermark for each plane of the digital image.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein a first watermark is provided for a first plane of the digital image and successive watermarks for successive planes of the digital image are generated based on the first watermark.

12. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of providing a watermark comprises providing a watermark having portions corresponding to each of the plurality of planes.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of generating at least one first watermark indicator comprises comparing at least a portion of the watermarked original signal to a corresponding portion of the watermark.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of generating at least one second watermark indicator comprises comparing at least a portion of the suspect signal to a corresponding portion of the watermark.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein the original signal is a digital signal and the step of generating at least one first watermark indicator comprises computing at least one first cross-correlation value based on a portion of the watermarked original signal and a corresponding portion of the watermark.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the suspect signal is a digital signal and the step of generating at least one second watermark indicator comprises computing at least one second cross-correlation value based on a portion of the suspect signal and a corresponding portion of the watermark.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of determining if at least a portion of the suspect signal is derived from the watermarked original signal comprises comparing the difference between the at least one second cross-correlation value and the at least one first cross-correlation value to at least one threshold.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the value of the threshold is based on the size of the portion of the watermarked original signal used in computing the at least one first watermark indicator.

19. The method of claim 1 wherein the original signal and suspect signal each comprise an array of pixel values and the watermark is a digital watermark having values that correspond to changes in the pixel values of the original and suspect signals.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein each of the arrays of pixel values includes a plurality of sub-arrays of pixel values and the step of generating at least one first watermark indicator includes computing a first plurality of cross-correlation values based on each of the plurality of sub-arrays of pixel values of the watermarked original signal and the watermark.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein the step of generating at least one second watermark indicator comprises computing a second plurality of cross-correlation values for each of the plurality of sub-arrays of pixel values of the suspect signal and the watermark.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of determining if at least a portion of the suspect signal is derived from the watermarked original signal comprises subtracting at least one of the second plurality of cross-correlation values from at least one of the first plurality of cross-correlation values and comparing the at least one difference to at least one threshold value.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein the at least one threshold value is based on the number of values used in computing the at least one difference.

24. The method of claim 1 wherein the suspect signal is a digital signal generated by digitizing an original suspect signal.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein the suspect signal is generated by scanning an image.

26. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a watermark comprises providing a first portion of the watermark having a first range of values and a second portion of the watermark having a second range of values.

27. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of providing a watermark and creating the watermarked original signal by incorporating the watermark onto an original signal comprise deriving a watermark that exists within the original signal so that the original signal is the same as the watermarked original signal.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the step of deriving a watermark that exists within the original signal comprises the steps of providing a value, determining locations in the original signal that represent the value, and deriving a watermark that exists within the original signal based on the determined locations.

29. The method of claim 1 wherein the original signal includes a second watermark and the step of determining if at least a portion of the suspect signal is derived from the watermarked original signal further comprises determining if the suspect signal contains the second watermark.

30. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of generating at least one first watermark indicator comprises transforming the watermarked original signal into another domain.

31. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of generating at least one second watermark indicator comprises transforming the suspect signal into another domain.

32. A method of determining if a second signal is derived from a first signal comprising the steps of:

generating at least one first watermark indicator based on the first signal and a watermark;

generating at least one second watermark indicator based on the second signal and the watermark; and

deriving an overall indicator indicating a degree of authenticity of the second signal based on the at least one first and at least one second watermark indicators, and determining if at least a portion of the suspect signal is derived from a portion of the original signal based on the overall indicator.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein the first signal has a watermark incorporated therein.

34. The method of claim 32 wherein the watermark is derived based on information in the first signal.

35. The method of claim 32 wherein the first and second signals are digital signals.

36. The method of claim 32 wherein the at least one first watermark indicator is based on cross-correlation between the first signal and the watermark, and the at least one second watermark indicator is based on cross-correlation between the second signal and the watermark.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein the step of determining if the second signal is derived from the first signal comprises subtracting at least one of the at least one first watermark indicator from at least one of the at least one second watermark indicator and comparing the at least one difference to at least one threshold.

38. The method of claim 32 wherein the overall indicator is compared to a plurality of thresholds to indicate a degree of authenticity of the second signal.