High-rel beacon signal sequencer

• US 6,633,551 B1
• Filed: 09/29/1999
• Issued: 10/14/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 09/29/1999
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Inventors: Tanzini, John, Kent, Edward Jay
• Primary Examiner(s): Nguyen, Chau
• Assistant Examiner(s): DO, NHAT Q
• Application Number:
  US09/408,982
• Time in Patent Office: 1,476 Days
• Field of Search: 370/316, 370/321, 370/350, 342/356, 342/359, 342/372, 455/12.1, 455/427
• US Class Current: 370/316
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/02 Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas RAKE receivers H04B1/7115
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/2041 Spot beam multiple access

Abstract

A communication spacecraft generates a plurality of spot beams having a given spatial relationship. Four beams of the plurality are used to maintain the antenna aligned with a ground station. The four beams are sequenced about the ground location, and the signal characteristics of each beam are used to maintain pointing. The sequencing requires continual switch operation, and failure to maintain antenna position, as might be occasioned by the failure of an element such as a switch or oscillator, is ameliorated by a redundant source of beacon signals, together with an arrangement which duplicates the beacon signal, and uses redundant switch cascades and combiners to perform the switching required for sequencing the beams.

Claims

1. An electromagnetic beam selection arrangement, said arrangement comprising:

a first plurality of beamforming antenna elements, each having a port;

a first set of hybrids including a second plurality, equal in number to said first plurality, of three-dB hybrids, each of said three-db hybrids of said first set of hybrids having first, second, third, and fourth ports, each of said three-dB hybrids providing transmission between said first port and said second and third ports with a relative amplitude of −

3 dB and with quadrature phase between the signals appearing at said second and third ports, so long as said fourth port is terminated in the appropriate impedance, said first ports of each of said three-dB hybrids of said first set of hybrids being coupled by way of amplifiers to said ports of said beamforming elements, and said fourth ports of said hybrids of said first set of hybrids being terminated in said appropriate impedance;

a second set of hybrids, said second set of hybrids including a third plurality, equal in number to said first plurality, of three-dB hybrids, each of which is electrically identical to a three-dB hybrid of said first set of hybrids, with said fourth ports of each of said three-dB hybrids of said second set of hybrids being terminated in said appropriate impedance;

a redundant one of a source and sink of signal, said redundant one of a source and sink of signal including a fourth plurality of ports, said fourth plurality being equal in number to said first plurality, each of said ports of said redundant one of a source and sink of signal being coupled to a first port of one of said three-db hybrids of said second set of hybrids, and not to the ports of others of said three-db hybrids of said second set of hybrids;

a set of RF switch cascades, each of said switch cascades including a cascade of at least two solid-state switches, each of said switch cascades being coupled between one of (a) a second port of a three-db hybrid of said first set of hybrids and a second port of a corresponding three-db hybrid of said second set of hybrids and (b) a third port of a three-db hybrid of said first set of hybrids and a third port of a corresponding three-db hybrid of said second set of hybrids, whereby a pair of said switch cascades connects each three-dB hybrid of said first set of hybrids to a corresponding one of said three-dB hybrids of said second set of hybrids; and

a controller coupled to said solid-state switches of said set of switch cascades, said controller controlling said solid-state switches for (a) operating at least some of the solid-state switches of each switch cascade always to the same state, and (b) operating the solid-state switches of at least one switch cascade of that pair of switch cascades which couple together a selected three-db hybrid of said first set of hybrids with a corresponding three-db hybrid of said second set of hybrids to a state which provides coupling between said selected three-db hybrid and said corresponding three-db hybrid by way of said at least one switch cascade, while operating at least some of the solid-state switches of those pairs of switch cascades which couple together non-selected three-db hybrids of said first set of hybrids with corresponding ones of said three-db hybrids of said second set of hybrids to states which provide reduced coupling, and for sequentially selecting, in turn, each of said three-db hybrids of said first set of hybrids, whereby each of said beamforming antenna elements is sequentially selected and is coupled by redundant switch paths to said redundant one of said source and sink.

2. An arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said solid-state switches of each of said switch cascades are serially coupled to thereby provide a particular level of coupling through said switch cascades when its respective solid-state switches are in the ON state, and a lesser amount of said coupling when its solid-state switches are in the OFF state.

3. An arrangement according to claim 2, wherein said plurality is four.

4. An arrangement according to claim 2, wherein each of said switch cascades includes a cascade of at least two serially-coupled solid-state switches.

5. An electromagnetic beam selection arrangement, said arrangement comprising:

a first plurality of beamforming antenna elements, each having a port;

a first set of hybrids including a second plurality, equal in number to said first plurality, of three-dB hybrids, each of said three-db hybrids having first, second, third, and fourth ports, each of said three-dB hybrids providing transmission between said first port and said second and third ports with a relative amplitude of −

3 dB and with quadrature phase between the signal appearing at said second and third ports, so long as said fourth port is terminated in the appropriate impedance, said first ports of each of said three-dB hybrids of said first set of hybrids being coupled by way of amplifiers to said ports of said beamforming antenna elements, and said fourth ports of said three-db hybrids of said first set of hybrids being terminated in said appropriate impedance;

a second set of three-dB hybrids, said second set including a third plurality, equal in number to said first plurality, of three-dB hybrids, each of which three-db hybrids of said second set is electrically identical to a three-dB hybrid of said first set of hybrids, with said fourth ports of each of said three-dB hybrids of said second set of hybrids being terminated in said appropriate impedance;

a redundant one of a source and sink of signal, said redundant one of a source and sink of signal including a fourth plurality of ports, said fourth plurality being equal in number to said first plurality, each of said ports of said redundant one of a source and sink of signal being coupled to a first port of one of said three-db hybrids of said second set of hybrids, and not to the ports of others of said three-db hybrids of said second set of hybrids;

a set of solid-state RF switch cascades, each of said switch cascades including a cascade of at least two solid-state switches, each of said switch cascades being coupled between one of (a) a second port of a three-db hybrid of said first set of hybrids and a second port of a corresponding three-db hybrid of said second set of hybrids and (b) a third port of a three-db hybrid of said first set of hybrids and a third port of a corresponding three-db hybrid of said second set of hybrids, whereby a pair of said switch cascades connects each three-dB hybrid of said first set of hybrids to a corresponding one of said three-dB hybrids of said second set of hybrids; and

a controller coupled to said solid-state switches of said set of switch cascades, said controller controlling said solid-state switches for (a) operating the solid-state switches of each switch cascade always to the same state, and (b) closing the solid-state switches of that pair of switch cascades which couple together a selected three-db hybrid of said first set of hybrids with a corresponding three-db hybrid of said second set of hybrids while opening the solid-state switches of those pairs of switch cascades which couple together non-selected three-db hybrids of said first set of hybrids with corresponding ones of said three-db hybrids of said second set of hybrids, and for sequentially selecting, in turn, each of said three-db hybrids of said first set of hybrids, whereby each of said beamforming antenna elements is sequentially selected and is coupled by redundant switch paths to said redundant one of said source and sink.

6. An arrangement according to claim 5, wherein said plurality is four.

7. An arrangement according to claim 6, wherein each of said switch cascades includes a cascade of at least two serially-coupled solid-state switches.