Vision prosthesis

• US 6,638,304 B2
• Filed: 07/20/2001
• Issued: 10/28/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 07/20/2001
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Eye And Ear Infirmary (Foundation of The Massachusetts Eye and EAR Infirmary Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Eye And Ear Infirmary (Foundation of The Massachusetts Eye and EAR Infirmary Incorporated)
• Inventors: Azar, Dimitri
• Primary Examiner(s): McDermott, Corrine
• Assistant Examiner(s): Matthews, William H.
• Application Number:
  US09/909,933
• Publication Number:
  US 20030018383A1
• Time in Patent Office: 830 Days
• Field of Search: 623/4.1, 623/5.11, 623/6.11, 623/6.22, 623/6.32, 623/6.34, 623/6.37, 396/75, 396/76, 396/77, 396/89, 351/41, 351/57, 351/158, 351/168
• US Class Current: 623/6.22
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1107 Measuring contraction of parts of the body, e.g. organ, muscle apparatus for measuring work or force in general G01L
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6821 Eye
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/145 Corneal inlays, onlays, or lenses for refractive correction
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/147 Implants to be inserted in the stroma for refractive correction, e.g. ring-like implants
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1602 Corrective lenses for use in addition to the natural lenses of the eyes or for pseudo-phakic eyes
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1613 having special lens configurations, e.g. multipart lenses; having particular optical properties, e.g. pseudo-accommodative lenses, lenses having aberration corrections, diffractive lenses, lenses for variably absorbing electromagnetic radiation, lenses having variable focus
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1618 Multifocal lenses
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1627 for changing index of refraction, e.g. by external means or by tilting
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1629 for changing longitudinal position, i.e. along the visual axis when implanted
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1635 for changing shape
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2/1648 Multipart lenses
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2002/1699 Additional features not otherwise provided for
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2250/0001 Means for transferring electromagnetic energy to implants
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 2250/0002 for data transfer
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 9/007 Methods or devices for eye surgery
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 9/08 Devices or methods enabling eye-patients to replace direct visual perception by another kind of perception
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 3/14 of variable focal length

Abstract

A vision prosthesis includes a lens having an index of refraction that varies in response to a focusing stimulus. An actuator in communication with the lens provides the focusing stimulus on the basis of a range estimate from a rangefinder. A controller coupled to the rangefinder and to the actuator causes the actuator to generate a focusing stimulus on the basis of the range estimate.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:

a lens having an index of refraction that varies in response to a focusing stimulus;

the lens including a first lens element;

a second lens element moveable relative to said first lens element; and

a motor coupled to said second lens element for moving said second lens element relative to said first lens element,

an actuator in communication with said lens for providing said focusing stimulus;

a rangefinder for generating, from a range estimate, a relative distance to an object-of-regard; and

a controller coupled to said rangefinder and to said actuator for causing said actuator to generate a focusing stimulus on the basis of said range estimate.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in an eye of a human patient.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation at a location in an eye, said location being selected from the group consisting of:

the anterior chamber;

the posterior chamber;

the lens bag; and

the cornea.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in an aphakic human patient.

5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in a phakic human patient.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said lens is a foldable lens having a tendency to spring back into an unfolded state.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said lens comprises a chamber containing nematic liquid crystal.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said chamber comprises a first planar side and a second planar side opposed to said first planar side, said first and second planar sides being separated by a gap smaller than a separation between a lens bag in an eye and an iris in said eye.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said actuator comprises a variable voltage source.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said actuator further comprises an electrode coupled to said variable voltage source and to said lens for applying an electric field within said lens.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said actuator comprises a plurality of actuating elements coupled to different local regions of said lens for selectively varying said index of refraction at said different local regions of said lens.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each of said local regions of said lens has a local curvature.

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said actuating elements comprise a plurality of electrodes disposed at different portions of said lens.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said electrodes are disposed in a two dimensional array.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said two-dimensional array is a rectilinear array.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said rangefinder comprises a transducer for detecting a stimulus from an anatomic structure in an eye, said stimulus being indicative of a range to said object-of-regard.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said transducer is a pressure transducer for detecting contraction of a muscle.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said pressure transducer is a piezoelectric element that generates a voltage in response to contraction of said muscle.

19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said transducer is an electromyograph for detecting electrical activity associated with contraction of said muscle.

20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said transducer is configured to detect a stimulus from an anatomic structure selected from a group consisting of:

contraction of a ciliary muscle,

tension in a zonule,

mechanical disturbance of a lens bag,

contraction of a rectus muscle,

dilation of an iris, and

contraction of an iris.

21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said rangefinder comprises an auto focus system.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said autofocus system comprises:

an infrared transmitter for illuminating an object with an infrared beam;

an infrared receiver for receiving a reflected beam from said object, and

a processor coupled to said infrared receiver for estimating a range to said object on the basis of said reflected beam.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said rangefinder further comprises a feedback loop coupled to said autofocus system.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said feedback loop comprises:

a first lenslet disposed posterior to said lens, said first lenslet having a first focal length;

a second lenslet disposed posterior to said lens, said second lenslet having a second focal length;

a first photodetector disposed posterior to said first lenslet, said first photodetector in optical communication with said first lenslet and separated therefrom by a selected distance, said selected distance being between said first and second focal length; and

a second photodetector disposed posterior to said second lenslet, said second photodetector in optical communication with said second lenslet and separated therefrom by said selected distance;

a differencing element coupled to outputs of said first and second photodetectors for determining a difference between signals present on said first and second photodetectors, said difference being indicative of an extent to which said lens is focused on said object-of-regard.

25. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a manual focusing control for enabling a patient to fine tune focusing of said lens.

26. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a power supply for providing power to said rangefinder and said actuator.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said power supply comprises a battery.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said battery is adapted for implantation beneath the conjunctiva.

29. The apparatus of claims 27, wherein said power supply comprises a rechargeable battery.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising a photvoltaic cell configured to recharge said rechargeable battery.

31. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said power supply comprises a photovoltaic cell.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said photovoltaic cell is configured for implantation in a cornea.

33. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said photovoltaic cell is configured for mounting on said lens.

34. An apparatus comprising:

a lens having an index of refraction that varies in response to a focusing stimulus;

an actuator in communication with said lens for providing said focusing stimulus;

a rangefinder for generating, from a range estimate, a relative distance to an object-of-regard, the rangefinder including a pressure-sensitive electromyograph for detecting electrical activity associated with contraction of a muscle, said electrical activity being indicative of a range to said object-of-regard; and

a controller coupled to said rangefinder and to said actuator for causing said actuator to generate a focusing stimulus on the basis of said range estimate.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in an eye of a human patient.

36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation at a location in an eye, said location being selected from the group consisting of:

the anterior chamber;

the posterior chamber;

the lens bag; and

the cornea.

37. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in an aphakic human patient.

38. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in a phakic human patient.

39. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said lens is a foldable lens having a tendency to spring back into an unfolded state.

40. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said lens comprises a chamber containing nematic liquid crystal.

41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein said chamber comprises a first planar side and a second planar side opposed to said first planar side, said first and second planar sides being separated by a gap smaller than a separation between a lens bag in an eye and an iris in said eye.

42. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said lens comprises:

a first lens element;

a second lens element moveable relative to said first lens element; and

a motor coupled to said second lens element for moving said second lens element relative to said first lens element.

43. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said actuator comprises a variable voltage source.

44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said actuator further comprises an electrode coupled to said variable voltage source and to said lens for applying an electric field within said lens.

45. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said actuator comprises a plurality of actuating elements coupled to different local regions of said lens for selectively varying said index of refraction at said different local regions of said lens.

46. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein each of said local regions of said lens has a local curvature.

47. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein said actuating elements comprise a plurality of electrodes disposed at different portions of said lens.

48. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein said electrodes are disposed in a two dimensional array.

49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein said two-dimensional array is a rectilinear array.

50. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said pressure-sensitive electromyograph comprises a piezoelectric element that generates a voltage in response to contraction of said muscle.

51. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said electromyograph is configured to detect a stimulus from an anatomic structure selected from a group consisting of:

contraction of a ciliary muscle,

tension in a zonule,

mechanical disturbance of a lens bag,

contraction of a rectus muscle,

dilation of an iris, and

contraction of an iris.

52. The apparatus of claim 34, further comprising a manual focusing control for enabling a patient to fine tune focusing of said lens.

53. The apparatus of claim 34, further comprising a power supply for providing power to said rangefinder and said actuator.

54. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein said power supply comprises a battery.

55. The apparatus of claim 54, wherein said battery is adapted for implantation beneath the conjunctiva.

56. The apparatus of claim 54, wherein said power supply comprises a rechargeable battery.

57. The apparatus of claim 56, further comprising a photvoltaic cell configured to recharge said rechargeable battery.

58. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein said power supply comprises a photovoltaic cell.

59. The apparatus of claim 58, wherein said photovoltaic cell is configured for implantation in a cornea.

60. The apparatus of claim 58, wherein said photovoltaic cell is configured for mounting on said lens.

61. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said lens comprises a plurality of local regions, each of said local regions having a local curvature.

62. The apparatus of claim 61, wherein said actuator includes a plurality of actuating elements, each of said actuating elements in communication with a subset of said local regions.

63. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein said actuating elements are independently addressable.

64. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein said actuating elements are disposed in a two-dimensional array on said lens.

65. The apparatus of claim 34, further comprising a manual focusing control coupled to said actuator for enabling a wearer of said lens to control said focusing stimulus.

66. An apparatus comprising:

a lens having an index of refraction that varies in response to a focusing stimulus;

an actuator in communication with said lens for providing said focusing stimulus;

a rangefinder for generating, from a range estimate, a relative distance to an object-of-regard, the rangefinder including an autofocus system and a feedback loop coupled to said autofocus system, the feedback loop having

a first lenslet disposed posterior to said lens, said first lenslet having a first focal length;

a second lenslet disposed posterior to said lens, said second lenslet having a second focal length;

a first photodetector disposed posterior to said first lenslet, said first photodetector in optical communication with said first lenslet and separated therefrom by a selected distance, said selected distance being between said first and second focal length; and

a second photodetector disposed posterior to said second lenslet, said second photodetector in optical communication with said second lenslet and separated therefrom by said selected distance;

a differencing element coupled to outputs of said first and second photodetectors for determining a difference between signals present on said first and second photodetectors, said difference being indicative of an extent to which said lens is focused on said object-of-regard; and

a controller coupled to said rangefinder and to said actuator for causing said actuator to generate a focusing stimulus on the basis of said range estimate.

67. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in an eye of a human patient.

68. The apparatus of claim 67, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation at a location in an eye, said location being selected from the group consisting of:

the anterior chamber;

the posterior chamber;

the lens bag; and

the cornea.

69. The apparatus of claim 67, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in an aphakic human patient.

70. The apparatus of claim 67, wherein said lens is adapted for implantation in a phakic human patient.

71. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said lens is a foldable lens having a tendency to spring back into an unfolded state.

72. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said lens comprises a chamber containing nematic liquid crystal.

73. The apparatus of claim 72, wherein said chamber comprises a first planar side and a second planar side opposed to said first planar side, said first and second planar sides being separated by a gap smaller than a separation between a lens bag in an eye and an iris in said eye.

74. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said lens comprises:

a first lens element;

a second lens element moveable relative to said first lens element; and

a motor coupled to said second lens element for moving said second lens element relative to said first lens element.

75. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said actuator comprises a variable voltage source.

76. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein said actuator further comprises an electrode coupled to said variable voltage source and to said lens for applying an electric field within said lens.

77. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said actuator comprises a plurality of actuating elements coupled to different local regions of said lens for selectively varying said index of refraction at said different local regions of said lens.

78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein each of said local regions of said lens has a local curvature.

79. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein said actuating elements comprise a plurality of electrodes disposed at different portions of said lens.

80. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein said electrodes are disposed in a two dimensional array.

81. The apparatus of claim 80, wherein said two-dimensional array is a rectilinear array.

82. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said autofocus system comprises:

an infrared transmitter for illuminating an object with an infrared beam;

an infrared receiver for receiving a reflected beam from said object, and

a processor coupled to said infrared receiver for estimating a range to said object on the basis of said reflected beam.

83. The apparatus of claim 66, further comprising a manual focusing control for enabling a patient to fine tune focusing of said lens.

84. The apparatus of claim 66, further comprising a power supply for providing power to said rangefinder and said actuator.

85. The apparatus of claim 84, wherein said power supply comprises a battery.

86. The apparatus of claim 85, wherein said battery is adapted for implantation beneath the conjunctiva.

87. The apparatus of claim 85, wherein said power supply comprises a rechargeable battery.

88. The apparatus of claim 87, further comprising a photovoltaic cell configured to recharge said rechargeable battery.

89. The apparatus of claim 84, wherein said power supply comprises a photovoltaic cell.

90. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein said photovoltaic cell is configured for implantation in a cornea.

91. The apparatus of claim 89, wherein said photovoltaic cell is configured for mounting on said lens.

92. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein said lens comprises a plurality of local regions, each of said local regions having a local curvature.

93. The apparatus of claim 92, wherein said actuator includes a plurality of actuating elements, each of said actuating elements in communication with a subset of aid local regions.

94. The apparatus of claim 93, wherein said actuating elements are independently addressable.

95. The apparatus of claim 93, wherein said actuating elements are disposed in a two-dimensional array on said lens.

96. The apparatus of claim 66, further comprising a manual focusing control coupled to said actuator for enabling a wearer of said lens to control said focusing stimulus.