Chemical derivatization of single-wall carbon nanotubes to facilitate solvation thereof; and use of derivatized nanotubes to form catalyst-containing seed materials for use in making carbon fibers

• US 6,645,455 B2
• Filed: 03/16/2001
• Issued: 11/11/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 09/18/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Rice University
• Original Assignee: Rice University
• Inventors: Smalley, Richard E., Liu, Jie, Colbert, Daniel T., Smith, Ken, Margrave, John L., Hauge, Robert, Boul, Peter, Mickelson, Edward T., Huffman, Chad
• Primary Examiner(s): Hendrickson, Stuart L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Lish, Peter J
• Application Number:
  US09/810,201
• Publication Number:
  US 20010041160A1
• Time in Patent Office: 970 Days
• Field of Search: 423/445.B, 423/445.R, 423/447.3, 423/447.1
• US Class Current: 423/447.1
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 21/18 Carbon
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/74 Iron group metals
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/755 Nickel
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 35/58 Fabrics or filaments
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 30/00 Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 40/00 Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/02 Single-walled nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/06 Multi-walled nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/08 Aligned nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/162 characterised by catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/174 Derivatisation; Solubilisation; Dispersion in solvents
• CPC Class Codes: D01F 11/121 Halogen, halogenic acids or their salts
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/745 having a modified surface
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/75 Single-walled
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/835 Chemical or nuclear reactivity/stability of composition or compound forming nanomaterial
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/843 Gas phase catalytic growth, i.e. chemical vapor deposition
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/848 Tube end modifications, e.g. capping, joining, splicing
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/139 Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/2918 including free carbon or carbide or therewith [not as steel]

Abstract

This invention is directed to making chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes and to uses for the derivatized nanotubes, including making arrays as a basis for synthesis of carbon fibers. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube by reacting single wall carbon nanotubes with fluorine gas and recovering fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes, then reacting fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with a nucleophile. Some of the fluorine substituents are replaced by nucleophilic substitution. If desired, the remaining fluorine can be completely or partially eliminated to produce single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube. The substituents will, of course, be dependent on the nucleophile, and preferred nucleophiles include alkyl lithium species such as methyl lithium. Alternatively, fluorine may be fully or partially removed from fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes by reacting the fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with various amounts of hydrazine, substituted hydrazine or alkyl amine. The present invention also provides seed materials for growth of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of single wall carbon nanotubes or short tubular molecules having a catalyst precursor moiety covalently bound or physisorbed on the outer surface of the sidewall to provide the optimum metal cluster size under conditions that result in migration of the metal moiety to the tube end.

Claims

1. A method comprising:

(i) derivatizing a sidewall of single wall carbon nanotubes with substituents; and

(ii) assembling an array of the single wall carbon nanotubes.

2. The method of claim 1, removing at least some of the substituents that were derivatized to the sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising utilizing the array of single-wall carbon nanotubes for catalytic production of assemblies of single wall carbon nanotubes.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising reacting the single wall carbon nanotubes with a fluorinating agent prior to derivatization.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the single wall carbon nanotubes are assembled in a generally parallel configuration.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the single wall carbon nanotubes are approximately of equal length and wherein each of the single wall carbon nanotubes has at least one free end.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the single wall carbon nanotubes are approximately of equal length and wherein each of the single wall carbon nanotubes has at least one free end.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing the single wall carbon nanotubes to a feedstock to grow the single wall carbon nanotubes.

9. The method of claim 5, further comprising:

(i) exposing the single wall carbon nanotubes to feedstock; and

(ii) growing the single wall carbon nanotubes.

10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

(i) exposing the free ends of the single wall carbon nanotubes to feedstock; and

(ii) growing the single wall carbon nanotubes.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein on the sidewall of each of the single wall carbon nanotubes is disposed a quantity of bonded transition metal catalyst precursor moieties sufficient to provide active catalyst metal atom clusters to grow single wall carbon nanotubes under conditions that promote the generation of metal atoms and the migration of said metal atoms to the free ends of said single wall carbon nanotubes.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the transition metal catalyst precursor moeities are physisorbed bonded to the single wall carbon nanotubes.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the transition metal catalyst precursor moeities are covalently bonded to the single wall carbon nanotubes.

14. The method of claim 5, wherein on the sidewall of each of the single wall carbon nanotubes is disposed a quantity of bonded transition metal catalyst precursor moieties sufficient to provide active catalyst metal atom clusters to grow single wall carbon nanotubes under conditions that promote the generation of metal atoms and the migration of said metal atoms to the free ends of said single wall carbon nanotubes.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein on the sidewall of each of the single wall carbon nanotubes is disposed a quantity of bonded transition metal catalyst precursor moieties sufficient to provide active catalyst metal atom clusters to grow single wall carbon nanotubes under conditions that promote the generation of metal atoms and the migration of said metal atoms to the free ends of said single wall carbon nanotubes.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein on the sidewall of each of the single wall carbon nanotubes is disposed a quantity of bonded transition metal catalyst precursor moieties sufficient to provide active catalyst metal atom clusters to grow single wall carbon nanotubes under conditions that promote the generation of metal atoms and the migration of said metal atoms to the free ends of said single wall carbon nanotubes.

42. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of assembling comprises assembling an array of the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes.

43. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of derivatizing the single wall carbon nanotubes facilitates the assembly of the array of the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes by enabling the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes to move together.

44. The method of claim 42, further comprising removing at least some of the substituents from the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes after assembly of the array of the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes.

45. The method of claim 42, wherein the substituent comprises fluorine.

17. An array comprising:

(i) single wall carbon nanotubes;

(ii) fluorine, wherein the fluorine is covalently bonded to the sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes.

18. The array of claim 17, wherein the array is a membrane.

19. The array of claim 17, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

20. The array of claim 19, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

21. The array of claim 20, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about three carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

22. An array comprising:

(a) single wall carbon nanotubes; and

(b) substituents, wherein the substituents are covalently bonded to the sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes.

23. The array of claim 22, wherein the array is a membrane.

24. The array of claim 22, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

25. The array of claim 24, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

26. The array of claim 25, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about three carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

27. A method comprising:

(i) derivatizing a sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes with a fluorinating agent;

(ii) solvating the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes in a solvent; and

(iii) separating the solvent from the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes to form a product.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of a paper, a felt, a rope, and a mat.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes are defluorinated.

30. The product made by the process of claim 28.

31. The product made by the process of claim 27.

32. The method of claim 27, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about three carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

35. A method comprising:

(i) derivatizing the sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes with substituents;

(ii) solvating the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes in a solvent; and

(iii) separating the solvent from the derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes to form a product.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of a paper, a felt, a rope, and a mat.

37. The product made by the process of claim 35.

38. The product made by the process of claim 36.

39. The method of claim 35, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about three carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.